labial, lingual, glottal consonants

According to the position of the active organ of speech against the point of articulation (the

place of obstruction) consonants are classified into: 1) labial, 2) lingual, 3) glottal.

Labial consonants are subdivided into: a) bilabial and b) labio-dental. Bilabial consonants are produced with both lips. They are the /p, b, m, w/. Labio-dental consonants are articulated with the lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth. They are /f, v/.

Lingual consonants are subdivided into: a) forelingual, b) mediolingual and c) backlingual.

Forelingual consonants are articulated with the tip or the blade of the tongue. According to the position of the tip of the tongue they may be: apical articulated by the tip of the tongue against either the upper teeth or the alveolar ridge /t, d, s, z, n, l/ and cacuminal /r/. According to the place of obstruction forelingual consonants may be: (1) interdental / /, (2) alveolar /t, d, s, n, l/, (3) post-alveolar /r/, (4) palato-alveolar / /

Mediolingual consonants are produced with the front part of the tongue. They are always palatal. Palatal consonants are articulated with the front part of the tongue raised high to the hard palate /j/.

Backlingual consonants are also called velar, they are produced with the back part of the tongue raised towards the soft palate “velum” /k, g, /

The glottal consonant /h/ is articulated in the glottis.

Ph mod-ns take place w/in the words which are connected and at their boundaries. All the sounds are prone to change.

19. The syllable is one or more speech sound forming a single uninterrupted unit, which may be a word or a commonly subdivision of a word. In English a syllable is formed by any vowel alone or in combination with one or more consonants and by a word-final sonorant [m,n,l] immediately by a consonant. Are, it, man – 1 syllable,table, paper – 2 syl. The English Syllable has

onset: bar/more/; Initial segment of a syllable (Optional)

nucleus: or/are Central segment of a syllable (Obligatory)

coda: ought/ art Closing segment of a syllable (Optional). English syllable: starts with either 1, or 2 or even 3 consonants. nset: the beginning sounds of the syllable; the ones preceding the nucleus. These are always consonants in English. The nucleus is a vowel in most cases, although the consonants [ r ], [ l ], [ m ], [ n ], and the velar nasal (the 'ng' sound) can also be the nucleus of a syllable.

Coda

Final: any consonant except for h,r,w,j may be final consonant. / 2 kinds of

Final Cluster: pre-final+final/final+post final

Pre-finals(m,n,nasal,l,s: bump,belt) /

Post-finals(s,z,t,d,th: bets,beds)

So the structure of English Syllable is asOnset Nucleus Coda Ex. "texts, sixths, helped, bonds, play, strings, students"

^ Functions of s-s:

1) constitutive - constitute words, phrases & s-ces through the comb-n of their prosodic features: loudness-stress, pitch-tone, duration-length & tempo. May be stressed, unstr-ed, high,mid, low, rising, falling, long, short. These pros-c features constitute the stress pattern of words, tonal& rhythmic str-re of an ut-ce, help to peform dist-ve variations on the s-le level. 2) distinctive & differentiatory f-n - word dis-ve f-n of a s-le. There are many comb-n dist-ed by means of the dif-ce in the place of the syl-c boundary. Close juncture – b-n sounds within one s-le, open – b-n two s-s, marked with+.

3) identificatory - is conditioned by the pron-n of the speaker. The listener understands if he perceives the correct s-c boundary – ‘syllabodisjuncture’ might rain – my train.

The syllabic structure has two aspects, which are inseparable from each other: syllable formation and syllable division. The syllable is one or more speech sound forming a single uninterrupted unit, which may be a word or a commonly subdivision of a word. In English a syllable is formed by any vowel alone or in combination with one or more consonants and by a word-final sonorant [m,n,l] immediately by a consonant. Are, it, man – 1 syllable,table, paper – 2 syl.

syllable division - this is a way of working out how to spell most two-syllable words and what happens when adding suffixes.

Vowels are: a e i o u and sometimes y.

They can be short or long, e.g. căp or cāpe, hŏp or hōpe. ‘Y’ acts like a vowel if it sounds like a vowel, e.g. in ‘cry’ (ī) and ‘happy’ (ē) or (ĭ), depending on your accent.

A syllable: is a beat in a word, e.g. pic nic.

Syllables can be open as in ‘no’ or ‘be’.

Here the vowel is long because there is no consonant wall blocking it.

Or they can be closed as in ‘not’ and ‘bet’.

Here we have a consonant wall blocking in the vowel and keeping it short.

Two syllable words

In words of two syllables, if we treat each syllable independently, we can easily work out how to spell and read them.

To split words logically into syllables, mark the vowel with a ‘V’ for vowel and mark the consonants between the vowels with a ‘C’ for consonant.

If there are two consonants, always divide between the consonants as in: vc/cv met/ric Here, the first syllable is closed and therefore has a short vowel sound – met. If there is only one consonant between the vowels, we usually divide before the consonant like this: v/cv o/pen The first syllable is open: ‘o’, therefore it has a long vowel sound (ō).

Regrettably, there are some exceptions, e.g. ‘robin’, but these tend to be common words, which are either already known or can be learnt as exceptions.

20. Modifications of consonants in connected speech.

Till now we have looked at sounds individually but in everyday speech sounds are very seldom pronounced as separate units. Speech is performed in larger units: words, phrases and texts. There are very big differences between pronouncing a word in isolation and a word in connected speech. There is a problem of defining the phonetic status of sounds in connected speech. As a result there are some processes of phonetic changes in connected speech:

1) assimilation;

2) accommodation;

3) vowel reduction;

4) elision.

Assimilation is the adaptive modification of a consonant by neighboring sound:

eighth - at three

alveolar [t] becomes dental [Ɵ]

Accommodation is the adaptation of sounds combinations of vowel-consonants type and consonant-vowel type:

n ever - m an (consonant-vowel type)

nasal pronunciation of vowels

б ольно - к онь - д умать

Labialization of consonants is before labialized vowels.

Vowel reduction is a quantitative or qualitative weakening of vowels in unstressed positions:

b oa rd - blackb oa rd

m a n - postm a n

Elision is a complete loss of sounds, both vowels and consonants. In informal speech we can lose many sounds. The process cannot be neglected in defining the phonemic status of speech sounds. These phenomena represent the economy of energy from the part of the speaker. Usually the listener doesn’t even notice this because these changes don’t influence the meaning. The target of listener is usually to understand the meaning but sometimes the meaning can also be influenced, for example [z] can represent has, is, does, plural, possessive, third person singular. Now let us consider which qualitative characteristics of consonants can be changed in connected speech. Consonants can be modified according to the place of articulation: assimilation takes place when a sound changes its character in order to look like a neighboring sound and the characteristic which is involved in this is almost always a place of articulation:

1) eighth - at the - said that

[t] [d] alveolar + [Ɵ] [ð] interdental = dental [t] [d]

Partial regressive assimilation

2) tree - true - dry - dream

[t] [d] alveolar + post alveolar [r] = post alveolar [t] [d]

Partial regressive assimilation

3) horseshoe - this shop

[s] [z] alveolar + [ʃ] post alveolar = post alveolar [s] [z]

Complete regressive assimilation

4) graduate - congratulate - did you - could you

[t] + [j]; [d] + [j] = affricates [ʧ] [ʤ]

Partial regressive assimilation

5) symphony

[m] bilabial + [f] labiodentals = [m] labiodentals

Partial regressive assimilation

Manner of articulation is also changed as a result of assimilation.

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