Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants according to the following pronounles:

I. Work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation.

II. Active organ of speech and the place of obstructor.

III. Manner of noise production and the type of obstruction with the following subdivisions:

(1) voice or noise prevalence

(2) number of noise producing foci

(3) shape of the narrowing

IV. Position of the soft palate

I. Consonant are subdivided into

- voiced – vocal cords are drawn together and vibrate

- voiceless – vocal cords are apart and don’t vibrate

Voiced consonants are also called “fortis” (Latin) – the force of exhalation is greater and “lenis” – soft, when the force of exhalating is weaker.

II. Consonant are classified into:

- labial – bilabial and labio-dental

- lingual – a) forelingual – dorsal,, θ, apiсal, cacuminal

B) medio-lingual

C) backlingual

- pharyngal or glottal – h

III. From the point of view of the closure consonants may be of (1) occlusive when complete closure is made (p, b, t, d, k, g, m, ŋ); (2) constrictive, when the closure is incomplete (f, r, θ, w, l, r); (3) occlusive-constrictive or affricates, when the combination of 2 closures takes place [t∫, d ]; (4) rolled-intermittent closure – Russian p. Some phonetic include in the 3^rd group lateral, nasals and semivowels.

IV. – Oral-soft palate is raised and the air passes through the larynx and month cavity

- Nasal consonants – soft palate is lowered and the air passes through the nasal cavity [m, n, ŋ]

Вопрос 16 – 19 Articulatory and physiological classification of English vowels

The most general classification of vowels is according to:

I. Position of the lips

II. Position of the tongue

III. Degree of tenseness and the character of the end of a vowel

IV. Length

V. Stability of articulation

I. a) rounded u – u: É - É:

b) unrounded

II. Most scientists divide vowels according to the

a) horizontal

b) vertical movements of the tongue

a) When the bulk of the tongue moves backwards, it is usually the back part of the tongue which is raised highest towards the soft palate. Vowels produced with the tongue in this position are called back. They are subdivided into: - fully back [É É: u: É I ]

- back – advanced [Ù u a:] ou u¶

When the bulk of the tongue moves forward, it is usually the front part of the tongue which is raised highest toward the hard palate. Vowels produced with this position of the tongue are called front. They are subdivided into:

- fully front [I: e æ eI з æ∂ aI]

- front – retracted [I au]

Vowels [∂ ∂:] are considered by British phoneticians to be central. Daniel Johes says that the central part of the tongue is raised highest and it is pronounced at the junction between “front” and “back”. Russian phoneticians consider it as mixed

b) According to the vertical movements of the tongue vowels are subdivided into:

high i: I u u:

mid, half open e ∂: Î(∂) É(u)

low, open Λ É: æ a: É É(I) a(I,u)

Each of the subclasses is subdivided into vowels of narrow variation and vowels of broad variation:

narrow variation I: u:

High

broad I u

narrow variation e ∂: o (u)

Mid

broad Î(∂) ∂

narrow Λ É:

Low

broad a: É æ a (I, u)

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