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Articulatory classification of speech soundsPhonetics as a linguistic science. Branches of phonetics. Phonetics and phonology PHONETICS is a linguistic science that studies segmental sounds (vowels, consonants), the way they are organized into the system of units and prosodic phenomena (pitch, stress, tempo, rhythm). Being a science in its own right, it's at the same time closely connected with other linguistic sciences - grammar, lexicology, stylistics and the history of the language. 4 main branches of phonetics: 1. ARTICULATORY/PHYSIOLOGICAL - concerned with the study of sounds as the result of the activities of the speech organs; it deals with our voice-producing mechanism and the way we produce sounds. 2. PERCEPTUAL/AUDITORY - study of man's perception of segmental sounds, pitch variation, loudness and duration. 3. ACOUSTIC/PHYSICAL - acoustic aspect of speech sounds (pitch, spectrum, timber, loudness, length). 4. FUNCTIONAL/LINGUISTIC/PHONOLOGY - purely linguistic branch of phonetics. It deals with the functional aspect of sound phenomena. Phonology sets out to discover those segmental and prosodic features that have a differential value in a language, and it established the system of phonemes.
Articulatory classification of speech sounds VOWEL - a voiced sound in forming of which the air needs no obstruction and no narrowing that would cause audible friction. All the other sounds are called CONSONANTS. CLASSIFICATION OF VOWELS: 1. according to the horizontal movement of the tongue: - front (i:, e, æ) - front-retracted (i) - mixed (з:, schwa-vowel) - back-advanced (u, /\, o) - back (u:, o:) 2. according to the vertical movement of the tongue: - close/high (i:, i, u:, u) - mid (e, schwa-vowel, з:) - open/low (æ, a:, /\, o:, o) 3. according to the position of lips: - rounded/labialized (o, o:, u, u:) - unrounded/unlabialized (all the rest) 4. according to the degree of muscular tension: - tense (all long vowels) - lax (all short vowels) 5. according to the force of articulation at the end of the vowel: - free - weakens at the end (long monophthongs, diphthongs, unstressed short vowels) - checked - no weakening, are pronounced abruptly, are followed by a consonant (stressed short vowels) 6. according to the stability of articulation: - monophthongs - diphthongs - triphthongs - diphthongized (i:, u:) 7. according to the length/duration: - long - short CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS: 1. according to the type of obstruction and the manner of production of noise: - occlusives (stops/plosives - p, b, k, g, t, d; nasal sonorants - m, n, nasal n) - constrictives (fricatives - f, v, s, z, ш, ж, dental; oral sonorants - l, j, r, w) - occlusive-constrictives/affricates (дж, ч) 2. according to the active speech organ which causes an obstruction: - labial (bilabial - b, p, m, w; labio-dental - f, v) - lingual (backlingual - k, g, nasal n; mediolingual - j; forelingual - t, d, s, z, n, dental, r) - pharyngeal/glottal (h) 3. according to the place of obstruction: - dental - alveolar (t, d, n, s, z, l) - post-alveolar (r) - palatal (j) - palato-alveolar (ш, ж, ч, дж) - velar (nasal n) 4. according to the presence/absence of voice: - voiced - voiceless 5. according to the force of articulation: - fortis (all voiceless) - lenis (all voiced) 6. according to the position of the soft palate: - oral - nasal
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