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Basic types of prosodic contours in English

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The number of actual utterances produced by native speakers of English is obviously unlimited, yet they can be reduced to a comparatively small list of basic intonation patterns. The discrimination of the basic patterns relies primarily on the directional type of nuclear pitch change:

1. THE RISING TONE PATTERN

2. THE FALLING TONE PATTERN

3. THE FALLING-RISING TONE PATTERN

4. THE RISING-FALLING TONE PATTERN

Since the structure of an intonation group is changeable, each tone pattern is realized in a number of tunes. The most important subdivision is into tunes having head and those without a head.

The rising tone pattern:

1. High/Stepping Head + High Narrow Rise (strong interrogative force transforming any sentence-type into a question)

2. High/Stepping Head + Low Wide Rise (interested, concerned, friendly)

3. Low Head + Low Narrow Rise (calm, disapproving)

The falling tone pattern:

1. High/Stepping Head + Mid Wide/Low Narrow Fall (calm, serious, hostile)

2. High/Stepping Head + High Wide Rise (light, lively, insistent)

The falling-rising tone pattern:

1. Sliding/Faling Head + Fall-Rise Undivided (contradicting, warning)

2. Stepping/High Head + Fall-Rise Divided (appealing, cordial)

The rising-falling tone pattern:

Stepping/High Head + Rise-Fall Contour (impressed, quizzical, challenging)

Utterance stress in English, its phonetic nature and function. The relationship between utterance stress and word stress in English

UTTERANCE STRESS - the special prominence given to 1 or more words in an utterance. The means, with the help of which this prominence is achieved are variations of pitch, loudness, length and quality. Acoustically utterance stress is determined by variations of fundamental frequency, intensity, duration and formant structure.

Functions:

1. CONSTITUTIVE - stresses form the utterance by integrating words

2. SEGMENTATIVE AND DELIMITATIVE - stresses segment the speech continuum into rhythmic units, intonation groups and utterances, and delimit them 1 from another

3. DISTINCTIVE - differentiate utterances to their meaning, conditioning by the position and type of stress

4. IDENTIFICATORY - provide a basis for the hearer’s identification of the important parts and for his understanding of the content.

The accentual structure of an utterance is conditioned by the stress patterns of its words. Word stress and utterance stress are in close relation. Whenever utterance stress occurs it will normally fall on a syllable which also has word stress. The difference is that word stress is an essential part of word-shape, whereas utterance stress is a feature of an utterance.


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