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CLASSIFICATION OF BORROWINGS ACCORDING TO THE BORROWED ASPECT

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LECTURE V

SOURCES AND ORIGIN OF BORROWINGS OF MODERN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES

1. Source of borrowing & origin of borrowing.

Loan words proper.

3. L oan translation.

Semantic loans.

Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect.

Classification of borrowings according to the degree of assimilation.

Classification of borrowings according to the language from which they were borrowed.

Romanic borrowings.

Germanic borrowings.

Russian borrowings.

The term source of borrowing should be distinguished from the term origin of borrowing. The first should be applied to the language from which the loan word has been taken. The second refers to the language to which the word may be traced. Thus, the word paper Ukr. Папір <Fr. Papier < Lat. Papyrus < Gr. Papyrus has French as its source of borrowing and Greek as its origin.

All languages are mixtures to a greater or lesser extent, but the present day English vocabulary is unique in this respect.

Borrowingis the process of resorting ( обращения ) to the word-stock of other languages for words to express new concepts, to further differentiate the existing concepts and to name new objects.

The result of borrowing is a loan word, borrowed word – a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language.

The following types of borrowings can be distinguished:

· - Loan Words Proper – words borrowed from another language and assimilated to this or that extent;

· - Loan Translation – the process of borrowing by means of literally translating words or word combinations, by modelling words after foreign patterns; the result of translation loans (calques) – words and expressions formed from the material already existing in the English language but according to patterns taken from another language by word-for-word or morpheme-for-morpheme translation: e.g. summit conference: Germ. Gipfel Konferenz, Fr. conférence au sommet; Eng. silicon valley: Ukr. силіконова долина, кременева долина.

· - Semantic Borrowings/Loans – the term is used to denote the development in a word of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word in another language.

CLASSIFICATION OF BORROWINGS ACCORDING TO THE BORROWED ASPECT

There are the following groups: phonetic borrowings, translation loans, semantic borrowings, and morphemic borrowings.

PHONETIC BORROWINGS are most characteristic in all languages; they are called loan words proper. Words are borrowed with their spelling, pronunciation and meaning.

TRANSLATION LOANS are word-for-word (or morpheme-for-morpheme) translations of some foreign words or expressions. In such cases the notion is borrowed from a foreign language but it is expressed by native lexical units, «to take the bull by the horns» (Latin), «living space» (German) etc.

SEMANTIC BORROWINGS are such units when a new meaning of the unit existing in the language is borrowed. It can happen when we have two relative languages which have common words with different meanings, e.g. there are semantic borrowings between Scandinavian and English, such as the meaning «to live» for the word «to dwell» which in Old English had the meaning «to wander». MORPHEMIC BORROWINGS are borrowings of affixes which occur in the language when many words with identical affixes are borrowed from one language into another.


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