THE SYSTEM OF COURTS

UK Health Service

The National Health Service provides free treatment for people living in Britain and gives emergency treatment for visitors. The greater part of the cost is met from taxes taken from people’s wages. People also pay some money every month as a sort of insurance.

The National Health Service consists of three main parts: the general practitioners, the hospital and specialist services, and local health authority services. Local health authorities are responsible for medical education, hospital building, environmental health, vaccination service and so on.

The centre of National Health Service is the general practitioner (GP). Each person is registered with a certain doctor in his or her area. The GP diagnoses, gives medical certificates, prescribes medicines. Dentists and opticians usually have separate clinics. They are not parts of health centres.

There is also a medium-level hospital staff. District nurses give injections, physiotherapy exercises at people’s homes. Ward nurses take care of the ill in the hospital.

Regular medical inspections are held at schools. Children receive various vaccinations and are examined by different specialists. There also exists a school dental service in every school.

Much attention is paid to the educational programmes. The Department of Health provides anti-smoking education programmes, alcohol education programmes, cancer prevention programmes and so on. Much attention is paid to the AIDS and drug programmes.

Great Britain pays much attention to the qualification of doctors. They are trained at 16 universities. Besides, they get practice during their work at teaching hospitals.

If you have a headache, heartache, toothache, backache, earache or bad pain in the stomach, if you complain of a sore throat or a bad cough, if you run a high temperature and have a bad cold in your head, or if you suffer from high or low blood pressure, I think you should consult a doctor. The doctor will examine your throat, feel your pulse, test your blood pressure, take your temperature, sound your heart and lungs, test your eyes, check your teeth or have your chest X-rayed.

After that he will prescribe some treatment, pills, tablets or some other medicine which we can buy at the chemist's. He will recommend you to stay in bed for some time, because there might be serious complications. The only thing you have to do is to follow his recommendations.

An old gentleman came to see the doctor. The man was very ill. He complained of weakness, insomnia, memory loss and serious problems with his heart, lungs and liver. The doctor examined the patient and said that no medicine could cure his desease.

Тhe court system in the UK

THE SYSTEM OF COURTS

There are some features of the court system, which are naturally reflected in the nature of the English judiciary. First it is hierarchical with judges in the higher courts having more authority than those are in the low corts. Secondly, most judges will hear both civil and criminal cases. Judge in the House of Lords and the Court of Appeal hear only appeal cases, whilst judges in the High Court and, Crown Court have First instance and appellate jurisdiction

THE SUPREME COURT is central to the hierarchical structure of the system of courts in England and Wales. A court created by the Judicature Acts 1873-75. to-take over the jurisdiction of all the higher courts, other then the House of Lords, existing at that time, it doesn't sit as a single court but comprises the High court of Justice, the Court of Appeal and the Crown Court. The Lord Chancellor. who is traditionally the head of the judiciary, is now constituted president of the Supreme Court

The Court of Appeal exercises appellate jurisdiction over all judgments and orders of the High Court and most determinations of judges of the county courts. In some cases the Court of Appeal is the court of last resort. The Court is divided into a Civil Division (presided over by the Master of the Rolls) and a Criminal Division (presided over by the Lord Chief Justice). The criminal division hears criminal appeals and the civil division hears appeals from any judgment or order of the High Court. The Court of Appeal consists of ex-officio judges and not more than eighteen ordinary judges. The ordinary judges of the Court are the Lords Justices of Appeal, but puisne judges may also sit by invitation and frequently do so, especially in the Criminal Division. The word "puisne" means junior or lower in rank.

The High Court of Justice is divided into three divisions: the Queen's Bench division, Chancery division, and Family division. To the Chancery Division are assigned all cases and matters relaiting to land, morgages, bankruptcy, patents, trade-marks, the appointment of a guardian and so on. To the Queen's Bench Division are assigned applications for 'writs of habeas corpus and for judicate review. To the Family Division are assigned all matrimonial causes and matters. The High Court is one court. Any order or judgement emanating from any of the divisions is an order or judgement of the High Court and should not be regarded as an order or judgement of any particular division. The Patents, Admiralty and Commercial Courts are the three specialist courts, which lake their place within the divisions of the High Court. The Lord Chancellor, the Lord Chief Justice, the President of the Family Division, the Vice-Chancellor and not more than eighty puisne judges of the High Court exercise the High Court's jurisdictions.

The Crown Court has an unlimited jurisdiction over all criminal cases tried on indictment and also acts as a court for the hearing of appeals from magistrates courts. The jurisdiction of the Crown Court is exercisable by any judge of the High court or any Circuit judge or recorder.

The House of Lords is the final court of appeal in the UK in both civil and criminal cases, although it refers some cases to the European Court of Justice for a ruling. This court consists of legally qualified life peers, styled 'Lords of Appeal in Ordinary*, who are appointed by Her Majesty the Queen. Lord Chancellor is the head of the judiciary. He is entitled to preside over the House when it sits as a final court of appeal; he appoints magistrates, makes recommendations for higher judicial appointments, and oversees such matters as the administration of the courts, legal aid, and law reform. He is appointed by the Crown on the advice of the Prime Minister

The House of Lords has an ancient jurisdiction with regard to impeachments and dimes peerage. Most cases coming before the House of Lords in recent times are appeals from the civil division of the Court of Appeal, and most of these involve a dispute as to the construction of a statute. A procedure by which appeals from the High Court would lie to the House of Lords is known as the 'leap frog', because the Court of Appeal is not involved. An application to the House ofLords(for such) an appeal to be heard, can be made only if the trial judge certifies as follows on the application of any party, that all parties consent to the procedure, that a sufficient case for appeal to the House of Lords has been made out, that a point of law of general public importance is involved. There are County Courts and Magistrates Courts at bottom of this structure of the system of courts.

A County Court is a court of record. A County Court is held in each district. The Lord Chancellor assigns one or more circuit judges to each district. A County court has jurisdiction in actions founded in contract or tort where the debt, demand or damage claimed, doesn't exceed the County Court limit. County Courts have jurisdiction in actions for me recovery of land where the net annual value for rating of the land doesn't exceeed the County Court limit. The County court also has jurisdiction in probate proceedings where the estate of the deceased is less then the County Court limit

Magistrates Courts means any justice or justices of the peace acting under any enactment or by virtue of his or their commission or under the common law. Courts consist of between two and seven magistrates or a single stipendiary magistrate. Stipendiary magistrates sit alone and have the same powers at two justices of the peace sitting together; Justices of the peace are not required to have any legal qualification unlike stipendiary magistrates and the clerk to the magistrates. Magistrates' Courts are appointed to a particular area. The jurisdiction of Magistrates Courts is both criminal and civil. Magistrates' Courts are courts of summary jurisdiction for minor offences. Certain offences are triable only summarily, while others are triable either way. i.e. summarily or by indictment in the Crown Court Magistrates' Courts have jurisdiction to hear and decide complaints. It also has a limited jurisdiction in civil matters relating to debt and matrimonial proceedings.

The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council consists of the Lord President of the Council, the Lord Chancellor, ex-Lord Presidents, the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary and those members of the Privy Council who hold high judicial office. The Privy Council is the Sovereign in Council and, therefore, the jurisdiction is in the form of Advice tendered to the Sovereign, which is then impSemenifJ by an Order in Council. Appeals lies from the Supreme Courts of all the British colonies The European Court consists of thirteen judges and five Advocates-Generals. The European Court has jurisdiction to deal with cases arising between Member States and institutions of the Community.

В любом обществе всегда есть борьба за материальные ценности (wealth / material values). Кому-то в жизни повезло больше, кому-то меньше. Помимо этого все люди разные, каждый человек со своим темпераментом и своими приоритетами. Но так как мы все люди, то нам присущи такие чувства, как злость, ненависть, ревность, зависть, жестокость и т.д. Поэтому и получается, что жить спокойной и счастливо мы не можем. Всегда найдется тот, кто, будучи неудовлетворенным по каким-либо причинам, отважится на противоправные действия (illegal acts / actions) против другого представителя нашего общества. В этом случае речь идет о совершении преступления (crime). А человек становится преступником (criminal).

Знать информацию из области преступлений и правосудия (justice) на английском языке и уметь понимать и объяснять, о чем идет речь, просто необходимо. Ведь никто не знает, где он окажется в определенный момент своей жизни, и порой именно эти сведения могут здорово помочь в трудной ситуации. Например, вас ограбили зарубежом, или вы стали объектом сексуальных домогательств (sexual harassment). Что еще хуже, вас обвиняют в каком-либо злодеянии (misdeed / outrage) и пытаются привлечь к ответственности (bring to responsibility / bring to account), когда вы находитесь в другом государстве. Или вы пытаетесь отстоять свои права (assert your rights) в каком-то вопросе в суде (court), проходящей на территории англоязычной страны. Английский язык – язык международный. Поэтому, независимо от государства, вас поймут или вы разберетесь, в чем дело, если бы будете подкованы в материале, посвященном преступлениям на английском языке и во всем, что с этим связано.

Какие бывают преступления на английском языке?

Чтобы правильно объяснить, о каком преступлении идет речь, или понять, какое злодеяние имеют ввиду, необходимо знать их классификацию и связанную с ними лексику. Давайте представим возможные преступления на английском языке в виде списка, в котором помимо названия самого преступления на английском языке, будет присутствовать и определение человека, которые совершает это преступление, и глагол, обозначающий это нарушение закона (breach / violation of the law).

1 Murder (умышленное убийство) – murderer (убийца) – to murder smb (убивать). Общее значение «убить» имеет глагол to kill. Manslaughter – убийство по неосторожности.

2 Robbery (кража, грабеж) – robber (вор, грабитель) – to rob smb / somewhere (обокрасть, ограбить).

3 Shoplifting (магазинная кража) – shoplifter (магазинный вор) – to shoplift (украсть из магазина). Общее значение «красть» у глагола to steal. Обратите внимание на разницу между этим глаголом и глаголом to rob. Если мы говорим, что кого-то обокрали или указываем место, откуда украли что-то, то используем второй глагол. Если мы называем вещи, которые были украдены, то применяем глагол to steal. Общее значение «воровать» у глагола to thieve.

4 Burglary (кража со взломом, проникновение) – burglar (взломщик, ночной грабитель) – to break into a house / flat (вторгнуться в дом, квартиру).

5 Mugging (уличный грабеж) – mugger (уличный грабитель) – to mug smb (ограбить кого-то на улице).

6 Car theft (угон автомобиля) – car thief (угонщик) – to steal a car (угнать машину).

7 Drug pushing/dealing (торговля наркотиками) – drug pusher / dealer (дилер) – to deal/sell drugs (сбывать наркотики).

8 Terrorism (терроризм) – terrorist (террорист) – to attack smb / place (нападать на кого-то, атаковать что-либо).

9 Smuggling (контрабанда) – smuggler (контрабандист) – to smuggle (заниматься контрабандой).

10 Arson (поджог) – arsonist (поджигатель) – to set fire to (поджигать).

11 Kidnapping (похищение людей) – kidnapper (похититель) – to kidnap (похищать людей).

12 Vandalism (вандализм) – vandal (вандал) – to break and smash things (ломать, разрушать, осквернять что-либо).

13 Rape (изнасилование) – rapist (насильник) – to rape (насиловать).

Конечно, это не все виды преступлений на английском языке, но самые основные. Когда человек совершает преступление (commit a crime), он становится подозреваемым (suspect) и остается им до тех пор, пока его не осудят (condemn / convict) и не признают виновным (account / bring in guilty) или не оправдают (justify / acquit) и не признают невиновным (find innocence). Подозреваемого арестовывают (arrest) правоохранительные органы (law-enforcement agencies) и доставляют в камеру предварительного заключения (remand prison / custody suit / detention cell).

Проводится расследование (investigation), во время которого предоставляются улики (evidence) и доказательства (proof) совершенного злодеяния. Преступник может и сам признать свою вину (admit guilt / plead guilty). Подозреваемому предъявляют обвинение (accuse smf of smth / charge smb with smth), и далее уголовное дело (criminal case) передают в суд. Во время судебного разбирательства (court proceeding) выносят приговор (pass verdict on smb) и наказание (punishment / penalty). Если вердикт оправдательный (non-guilty verdict), то подозреваемый свободен. Если обвинительный (guilty verdict), то решается, на какой срок (term for serving punishment) и в какой тюрьме (jail / prison) осужденному предстоит его отбывать (serve). Судья (judge) или присяжные (jury) на суде (trial) решают, отправлять ли человека в тюрьму (send smb to prison / sentence smb).

Кстати, наказания могут варьироваться от самого легкого, какого-нибудь штрафа (fine), до самого тяжелого – смертной казни (death penalty / capital punishment), которая присутствует в ряде стран, но которую пытаются отменить во всем мире. Этот материал поможет вам хоть немножко понять такую тему как «Преступления на английском языке». Однако я вам желаю никогда не совершать злодеяний и не становится жертвой противоправных действий.

Travelling by Train. Путешествие поездом.

a railway ticket, railroad ticket – железнодорожный билет

one-way ticket, single ticket – билет в один конец

return ticket – обратный билет

round trip ticket – билет туда и обратно

ticket machine – автомат по продаже билетов

reduced fare ticket – льготный билет

child’s ticket – детский билет

first class ticket – билет в первом классе

adult fare – стоимость билета для взрослого

child fare – стоимость детского билета

single fare - стоимость одного билета

to get in line for a ticket – становиться в очередь за билетом

to buy ticket in advance – купить билет заранее

fare – плата за проезд

carriage, car – вагон

smoking car – вагон для курящих

luggage-van – грузовой вагон

car for non-smokers – вагон для некурящих

sleeping car – спальный вагон

dining-car, restaurant car – вагон-ресторан

cancellation – возврат билета

train station, railroad station, railway station – вокзал (железнодорожный)

arrivals and departures board, time-table

board – доска расписаний

train times – расписание движения поездов

ticket office – билетная касса

compartment – купе

ticket collector – контролер

change of trains, transfer – пересадка

to change trains – делать пересадку

to go by train – ехать на поезде

to catch the train – успеть на поезд

to miss the train – опоздать на поезд

train schedule – расписание движения поездов

porter, red cap (am.) – носильщик

track – путь, колея

fast train – скорый поезд

slow train – обычный почтово-пассажирский поезд

passenger train – пассажирский поезд

long distance train (a sleep train) – поезд дальнего следования

local train – пригородный поезд

through train – поезд прямого сообщения

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