Tonal System

There is no art without emotion. Fiction appeals to the reader through the senses and evokes responsive emotions. In every literary work the writer’s feelings and emotion are reflected in tone, attitude and atmosphere [3, p. 64].

Atmosphere is the general mood of a literary work. It is affected by the plot, setting, characters, details, symbol, and language means.

The author’s attitude is his view of the character’s and actions, which reflects his judgement f them. It establishes the moral standards according to which the reader is to make his own judgements about the problem raised in the story.

The attitude of a writer determines the tone of the story, i.e. the light in which the characters and events are depicted. Therefore, the tone is closely related to the atmosphere and attitude. The tone may be expressed through:

· emotionally coloured words;

· an extensive use of imagery created by tropes;

· poetic words and structures;

· intensifiers (so, such, very, still, etc.)

· figures of speech

Tone-shifts, which often occur in fiction, may accompany not only a change in the subject, but also a change in the narrative method or in the style. The interaction of rhythm, style and tone establishes and maintains the mood, or the atmosphere of the literary work.

One should also distinguish between the prevailing tone of a literary work as a whole and emotional overtones, which may accompany particular scenes in the story. They all form a tonal system that reflects the changes of the narrator’s attitude to his subject matter [3, p. 68]. The analysis of tone, attitude and atmosphere is a moving towards the underlying thoughts and ideas contained in the work.

5. COMPONENTS OF POETIC STRUCTURE:

Micro-Components of Poetic Structure

When words and word-groups of the general language occur in a literary text they are treated as elements of poetic speech, its micro-component. According to V.B. Sosnovskaya, those word-sequences that constitute a literary text, which seem to be specifically patterned – semantically, syntactically, phonetically – are called tropes (lexical stylistic devices) and figures of speech (syntactic stylistic devices) [5, p. 50].

Tropes

All tropes are based on simultaneous realization of two meanings. Thus I.R. Galperin classifies tropes according to [4]:

1. Interaction of different types of lexical meaning

A. Interaction of two logical meanings (i.e. primary dictionary and contextually imposed meanings)

· Metaphor

· Metonymy

· Irony

B. Interaction of primary and derivative logical meanings

· Polysemantic effect

· Zeugma

· Pun

C. Interaction of logical and emotive meanings

· The Epithet

· Oxymoron

D. Interaction of logical and nominal meanings

· Antonomasia

2. Intensification of a certain feature or a thing or phenomenon

·Simile

·Periphrasis

·Euphemism

·Hyperbole

· Understatement

3. Peculiar use of set expressions

·The Cliché

·Proverbs and Sayings

·Epigrams

·Quotations

·Allusions

·Decomposition of Set Phrases.

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