PROGRAMMING

1. Read and translate the following words:

Instruction, programmed, chip, type, dictate (v), method, symbol (n), punctuation, specialize (v), unique, address (n).

2. Find Russian equivalents to the words given in the left column:

1. a series of 1. посредством

2. generally 2. обычно

3. normally 3. из-за

4. through 4. как правило

5. because of 5. потому что

6. as a rule 6. ряд

7.similar to 7. aналогичный

3. Find the synonyms to the words given in the left column:

1. acceptable 1. Microprogram

2. program 2. Change

3. firmware 3. Place

4. replacement 4. Flexible

5. achieve 5. Permission

6. symbol 6. Get

7. command 7. Instruction

8. operation 8. Character

9. mode 9. Storage

10. locate 10. Work

11. way

12. system

4. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

Firmware systems, prescribe operation, hard-wired, industrial application, employed method, plug-in circuit board, through software, ordinary typewriter, decimal digits, specialized keyboard characters, symbolized instructions, read-only memory, binary numbers, specific memory location, addressing modes.

5. Read the text.

The term programming generally refers to a series of acceptable instructions developed for a computer that will permit it to perform a prescribed operation or function. In microcomputer systems, some programs are hard-wired, some are in ROM called firmware, and others are described as software. A dedicated system that is designed to achieve a specific function is generally hardware programmed, which means that it cannot be adapted for other tasks without a physical circuit change. Firm ware systems have programmed material placed on ROM chips. Program changes for this type of system can be achieved by changing the ROM. A software type of program has the greatest level of flexibility. This type of program is created on paper and transferred to the system by keyboard, floppy disk, or hard disk-drive unit. Instructions are stored in RAM locations and performed by calling for these instructions from memory.

Most microprocessor systems used in industrial applications are replacements for hard-wired circuits or systems. The design of the system and its purpose usually dictate the type of programming method employed. Combined firmware and

software-programmed systems, with a keyboard, are very common today, and these systems often adapt personal computers for specific applications.

Computers of this type can be adapted to systems through hardware, by plug-in circuit boards, and through software, by programming. Personal computers are widely used in industrial systems because of the ease with which they can be adapted.

The instructions for a microcomputer system normally appear as a set of characters or symbols which are used to define a specific operation. The presentation of symbolized instructions may appear as binary numbers, hexadecimal numbers, or mnemonic codes.

Microcomputers may use one of several codes in a program. As a general rule, each type of MPU has a unique instructional set or repertoire of instructions which it is designed to understand and obey. These instructions primarily appear as a binary data symbols and words. Machine instructions of this type are usually held in a read-only memory unit that is address selected and connected to the MPU through the common data bus. Instructional sets of this type are firmware because they are fixed at a specific memory location and cannot be changed by program material.

Microcomputer instructions usually consist of one, two, or three bytes of data. This type of data must follow the instruction commands in successive memory locations. The instructions are called addressing modes. There are several distinct types of addressing modes in a typical microcomputer systems.

6. Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

Вводные команды, микропрограммное обеспечение, жесткий дисковод, клавиатура, гибкий диск, уровень гибкости, особое применение, электронная схема, набор команд, шина для передачи данных, адресация, ячейка памяти.

7. Answer the questions:

1. What kind of system is called hardware-programmed?

2. What kind of system is called firmware system?

3. What are the main characteristics of software program?

4. Where are the instructions stored in a software program?

5. What kind of system can be replaced by microprocessor system?

6. How can microcomputer be adapted to different systems?

7. Why are personal computers widely used in industrial systems?

8. How can the symbolized instruction be represented?

9. What do microcomputer instructions consist of?

10. What do you know about different codes in a program?

11. What do you know about addressing modes?

8. Make up a plan of the text.

9. Render the text in English using your plan and following phrases:

The title of the text is………..

It is devoted to……… (it is concerned with, it deals with…)

I found the text rather interesting (easy, difficult…) because I’ve learned a great deal about….

According to the text…

As far as I could gather from the text…..

The text reports (informs) about…..

The text provides the reader with some data on ………

A careful account is given to…..

Of particular interest is….

In conclusion it is said that …..

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