Measurement Instruments

1. Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) – a test which consists of 30 items researching the possible reasons to take up sports (Gill et al., 1983), divided into seven subscales that measure the motives: achievements, teamwork orientation, energy release, emotions and challenges, skills improvement, affiliation, fitness orientation. The answers are assessed according to a five-grade Likert type scale.

2. Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) (Duda, Nicholls, 1992) assessed dispositions towards task and ego achievement goal orientations. The TEOSQ elicits scores on task (7-items) and ego (6-items) orientation through the stem "I feel most successful in sport when...". Each item was answered on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("strongly disagree") to 5 ("strongly agree"). The coefficient of reliability in the first scale α of Kronbach is 0,75 and in the second – 0,86.

3. Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) (Newton, Duda, & Yin, 2000). Evaluates athletes perception - to what extent the motivation climate in their teams is characterized by the domineering of tasks connected with mastery or performance. It consists of 33 items and a 5-level scale of the Lickert type to evaluate the degree of expression. It measures two factors - motivation climate oriented to mastery (it is determined by 17 questions referring to the following subscales: significance of the role, cooperative learning, effort/improvement and motivation climate oriented to performa nce (it includes 16 items forming the following subscales: unequal recognition, punishment for mistakes, intra-team member rivalry). Good internal consistency is observed in both scales (with mastery-oriented climate α of Kronbach is 0,83; with performance-oriented climate α of Kronbach is 0,84).

4. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2), specially created for sport practice (Martens, at al., 1990). The scale measures three factors – cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence, evaluated by a four level scale of Lickert type. The reliability coefficient is: α of Kronbach 0,85 for the first one, α of Kronbach 0,86 for the second one and α of Kronbach 0,88 for the third subscale.

The four tests have been adapted to the Bulgarian conditions (Domuschieva - Rogleva, 2003 a, b, 2007 a, b).

5. Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced scale – COPE – 1. The test evaluates various ways of coping with stress, used by people. It is adapted for Bulgarian conditions (Rusinova-Hristova, Karastoianov; 2000) and it is optimized for sports practice (Georgiev at al., 2003). It includes 52 items, organized in 14 subscales, determining the following copings: active coping, planning, suppression of competitive activities, restraint coping, seeking social support for instrumental reasons, seeking social support for emotional reasons, positive reinterpretation and growth, acceptance, turning to religion, focusing on and venting of emotions, denial, behavioral disengagement, mental disengagement, alcohol-drug disengagement. These fourteen strategies have been joined together through factor analysis into three generalized secondary factors: cognitive engagement, emotional engagement, cognitive and emotional disengagement.

Participants The research included 582 competitors – 127 from individual sports (athletics, badminton), 383 from team sports (basketball, hockey); 72 from single combat sports (boxing, wrestling), 354 women and 228 men, aged 17+/– 3,9 on average.

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