READING. a Read the article and write two words for each category that have recently come into the language

a Read the article and write two words for each category that have recently come into the language.

IInternet criminals

2 blogging

3 health

4 the environment

b Read the article again and complete the definitions with a word from a.

I A shows that there is going to be an ecological disaster.

2 Someone does a to make their blog look more modern and attractive.

3 You must be careful never to disclose your bank details to__

4 A person who is obsessed with having a suntan all year round suffers from_

5 A is an extinct Chinese dolphin.

6 A person who is obsessed with practising yoga to stay fit suffers from_

7 Ifyou suspect a group of has accessed your computer, call the cybercops.

8 He wrote a blog for two months or so, but then he got and gave up.

c Underline five words you don't know. Use your dictionary to look up their meaning and pronunciation.

• How words change with the times

Every year that passes throws up new ideas, experiences, and inventions for which no na me has previously existed. However, the gap is soon filled and a na me is allocated to the new concept. Words are a language's response to circumstances and nowhere can this be seen more clearly than in the field of technology.

First we had 'Internet', then we had words like 'download' and 'online'. Now, however, an increasing amount of 'e-fraud' is committed over the I nternet and a number of words have been coined. Apart from the 'cybercops' out looking for 'cybercriminals', a number of more specific terms are used to define the bad guys. 'Crackers' (a cross between 'computers' and 'hackers') are people who break into a computer system for illegal purposes, whereas 'scammers' try to trick people into disclosing their bank details (a 'scam' means a trick.). These are just a few of the multitude of new words in the world of e-crime.

Continuing on the theme of computing, the success of the 'blog' has meant that a number of blog-related terms have entered the language. First of all, there's 'blogfade' to illustrate how people may lose interest in their blog so it disappears. At some point bloggers will have to change and update the style of their blog in the form of a 'blogover'. 'Blogover' comes from the word 'makeover' which means to update your image.

But it is not only in the world of Information Technology (IT) that new words are being coined. In the current debate on healthy eating and body weight, one of the chief concerns is obviously the illness, anorexia. The suffix -rexia has given rise to a number of new concepts related to appeara nce and the desire to be slim. The term 'tanorexia' is used for an obsession with maintaining a suntan all year round, usually by using a sunbed, while 'yogarexia' is an obsession with practising yoga in order to stay fit.

Another area of strong debate is that of the future of the planet. One of the most serious effects of climate change is the number of species becoming extinct. A 'baiji' is a Chinese freshwater dolphin which has now died out and, because of the publicity surrounding this word, has recently entered the English language, though five years ago nobody would have known what it was. And finally, something whose poor state of health is an indicator of imminent eco-disaster, for example glaciers or a species, has become known as a 'climate canary'. This is because in the past cana ries were used in mines to detect the presence of dangerous gases.•

Dialogue 1

Interviewer Blanche, can you tell us how you met your partner?

Blanche Yes, I met Kevin on the Internet. I sent my profile to one of those Internet dating agencies just for a laugh, you know, and I got an email straight back from a guy in Brighton who said he wanted to meet me. He was a psychologist as it happens.

Interviewer So, where was your first date?

Blanche The first time we met face-to-face was in Brighton. I drove down to the coast from London, where I live, and we had lunch in a cafe by the beach. We got on really well that day and we've never looked back since. It is a bit hard though, having a long-distance relationship, but we do manage to see each other most weekends.

Dialogue 2

Interviewer Julian, where did you meet your partner? Julian My brother, whose name's Daniel, introduced me to

Rachel because he was going out with her best friend Sarah at the time. When Daniel and Sarah split up, Rachel and me stayed together. We've been together for nearly six years now.

Interviewer Where was your first date?

Julian Our first date wasn't very private, because we went out with my brother and Sarah. The four of us went to see a film at the cinema together, but someone stole Rachel's bag when we came out of the cinema, and so we spent the rest of the evening in the police station! Our second date was much better -we went out to dinner on our own and we had a really good time. It just went on from there really.

Presenter On today's programme we have historian Harriet Thistlewaite with us to talk about superstitions. Harriet, where do superstitions come from?

Harriet Well, the definition of a superstition is 'an irrational belief ' and we have to go back hundreds of years to find an explanation for their existence. Sometimes the reason behind a superstition is even more bizarre than the superstition it tries to explain. Take the case of the black cat for example. Most

people know that it's supposed to be a sign of bad luck if a black cat walks in front of you, but they probably can't tell you why. Well, the reason is that in the Middle Ages black cats became associated with witches and they were said to possess evil spirits so obviously people thought that if a black cat crossed your

path that this was not very good news at all.

Presenter So the black cat superstition has been with us for a long time?

Harriet Yes, but not as long as the idea that we shouldn't walk under ladders. Apart from the practical reasons for not doing this -obviously somebody might drop some paint on your head while you are walking underneath -there is a more mysterious explanation which goes right back to Ancient Egypt. The shape of a triangle was sacred to the Egyptians and it was considered very bad luck to, as it were, break the 'power' of this shape.

People believed that if you walked under a ladder, the power of

the triangle would break and you would lose your protection against bad luck.

Presenter Are there any superstitions about good luck?

Harriet Yes, there are. You know how people often touch wood or knock on wood when they're talking about something they hope will or won't happen in the future?

Presenter Yes, in fact I quite often do it myself.

Harriet Well, in the Middle Ages people used to knock on trees to call the good spirits to protect them against misfortune. So that's where that supersition comes from.

Presenter We've just got time for one more.

Harriet Well, in fact I'd say that the most common superstition concerning good luck is tl1e habit we have of saying 'Bless you' when someone sneezes. Again this dates back to the Middle Ages when the great plague -which was a terrible infectious illness

-was sweeping through Europe. Most people who caught the plague died and one of the first symptoms was sneezing. When sufferers began sneezing violently, it was considered a sign that they might be going to die and so the Pope passed a law requiring people to bless the person who was sneezing.

Speaker 1 The only time I've had to use first aid was on a skiing trip to Switzerland. I'd gone with a few friends, and we were havincr a great time until disaster struck. One of my more

adventuro;s friends was skiing down one of those slopes which is really only for experts and he suddenly lost control and crashed into a tree. So we skied over to him as quickly as possible and found he was obviously in a lot of pain and his leg was at a really strange angle. The only thing we could do was to put snow around his leg to stop the pain and call the emergency services to take him to hospital for an X-ray. In fact, his leg was broken in three places.

Speaker 2 A few years ago I remember I was playing football with some friends in the park and I suddenly had a terrible nosebleed. The blood was just dripping from my nose. I tried stuffing my nose with tissues but it didn't make any difference. One of my friends told me to press ice on my face, but of course we didn't have any ice there. Then another friend told me to pinch the soft part of my nose just under the bridge and eventually it would stop. I didn't really believe him, but I tried it and it worked!

Speaker 3 I've never given first aid but I have received it. I was at our annual company conference, and we'd been standing up for about half an hour when I started feeling very hot and dizzy.

I took off my jacket, but it didn't help. Suddenly everything went black and the next thing I knew I was lying on the floor surrounded by worried faces looking at me. My colleagues then helped me to sit on a chair and they put my legs up on another chair and after a while I started to feel a bit better and then I went outside for some fresh air. The whole thing was terribly embarrassing, and everyone kept on asking me if I was all right for the rest of the day.

Although Spain is a big country with strong regional differences,

I think there are certain characteristics that can be applied to the majority of Spaniards. For example, people from Spain are generally very lively and friendly. We love meeting friends either to eat or just to have a drink -any excuse is good to get out of the house. I think Spaniards are also extremely hard-worldng. People who think that the Spanish work shorter hours and have a siesta every day may be surprised to know that the reality is very different.

On the negative side Spaniards can be a little unreliable. They are often late and a bit too easy-going. For many people, appearances are really important and people will often judge you by how you dress or how much money you seem to have. Also, Spaniards

are sometimes suspicious of foreign customs. This is probably because we are so proud of our country and culture, especially our cuisine, and we won't consider other ways of doing things.

Personally, I think I'm a lively, sociable person and I must admit I am often late if I'm meeting friends, but at the same time I'm very reliable at work and I certainly work hard. So in that sense I suppose I am quite typical.

Amelia Earhart first saw a plane at a fair when she was I 1years old, but apparently it didn't attract her attention at all. However, a few years later she went with a friend to a flying exhibition in

Toronto. She and her friend were standing ina field, and the pilot of one of the planes saw the two girls and he flew really close to them to try and scare them. But Amelia wasn't frightened, and in fact, from that moment on, she knew that she wanted to fly.

But it wasn't easy for her. First she had to work hard doing temporary jobs in order to pay for flying lessons. Her instructor was another pioneer woma.n pilot, called Anita Snook. Six months later Amelia had saved enough money to buy her own plane, which was bright yellow and which she nicknamed 'The Canary'. Finally, after two and a half years of classes, she was awarded her pilot's licence.

Amelia's dream was always to fly solo across the Atlantic. She had already flown across tlle Atlantic once before, but she didn't enjoy it, as she was only a passenger. This experience made her

even more determined to do the flight herself, and finally in 1932 she became the first woman to do it. She then started planning a flight around the world. Her first attempt had to be abandoned because the plane was damaged. Then Amelia and her co-pilot set off again from Miami on Ist June 1937. It looked as if they were going to make it, but when tlley only had 7,000 kilometres to go, contact with the plane was lost. Neither Amelia, nor her co-pilot, nor the plane were ever found.

Brian So Kate, what's the best book you've ever read?

Kate It's never easy to say what the best book is, is it? But definitely one of the most shocking books I've read recently was Lionel Shriver's We need to talk about Kevin. It's about a couple who have a little boy, and he turns out to be an awful chi.Id, every parent's worst nightmare. In fact at the end of the book he's in a special home for dangerous children. I won't tell you exactly what he did because it would spoil the whole story,

but the end is more shocking than you can possibly imagine

as you're reading the book. Another interesting thing is that everything is written from the point of view of the mother, and you're not always sure whether to believe her or not. It's a great book - I'd definitely recommend it.

Brian How about you, Sarah?

Sarah One of my all-time favourite books is Barbara Kingsolver's The Poisonwood Bible. It's about a missionary family who travel to a village in Africa, in the Congo, and they spend some years living there. I love novels where you also learn something, and the background to this story is really the history of the Congo,

I mean true events which happened there, and it helps you to understand many of the problems the country faces even today.

Each chapter of the book is written from the point of view of a different member of the family, and that makes it easier to understand how each one of them is feeling during the events that happen. It's a great book. You must read it.

Brian Janet?

Janet Yes, I think my favourite book is Tracy Chevalier's first novel, Girl with a Pearl Earring. It's about a girl called Greta who goes to serve in the house of the great painter, Vermeer.

The story is full of the rich colours and deep emotions typical

of an artist's studio. I liked the book much more than the film, I must say, even though the photography was absolutely fantastic.

Speaker 1 This happened to a friend of mine. It was quite late, about half past eleven, and he was walking home from work, and he went through a park. This guy came up to him and told him to give him all his money, which he did. Then the guy asked him for his mobile phone, but my friend refused to give it to him and the guy got out a knife and stabbed him with it. By the time my friend got to hospital he was bleeding very heavily, and later the doctors told him he'd been really lucky. It just shows it's better not to try to be brave if something like that happens to you.

Speaker 2 I don't know why, but I always seem to have my wallet stolen when I'm abroad. I guess it's because I'm speaking English and I probably look like a tourist, or something. The last time I was in the centre of Barcelona in a very touristy street called the Ramblas, but lucidly I wasn't carrying much in my wallet, just a few coins. I've got so used to it now that I always take my personal documents out of my wallet and leave them in the hotel. That way, if I'm robbed, I only lose a bit of money.

Speaker 3 I did something really stupid once. I was

travelling home by train and I was really tired, and I fell asleep. Unfortunately, I left my bag with all my things in it on the floor, and I didn't notice when someone took it. I realized what had happened when I woke up and as soon as the train arrived in the station I went straight to the police. Amazingly, the police found my bag, but of course my purse, my phone, and my MP3 player were all missing. I can't believe I was so stupid!

m

Paul Well, the weather's fantastic at the moment, isn't it? Can you remember us ever having a barbecue in the garden in April?

Judith Yeah, it's nice to feel warm for a change instead of sitting in front of the tire all winter, but it's a bit worrying too. I mean it's a sign of climate change, isn't it?

Paul Oh, you don't believe all that rubbish, do you? Not even the scientists can agree about it.

Judith Yes, I do believe it, because it's true. Even the government is starting to do something about it.

Paul Like what?

television and so this brought the concept of bungee jumping to

the public eye and then of course lots of people wanted to try it themselves.

Presenter How dangerous is bungee jumping? I mean have people been killed while they were bungee jumping?

Andy Actually there have been relatively few fatalities considering the number of successful jumps that have taken place. By far

the most important thing is to make sure the bungee -the rubber rope -is the right length. The most common cause of death is using a bu ngee which is too long, but in most cases the calculations and fittings are double-checked before each jump.

Presenter How does it actually feel doing a bungee jump?

emissions from

Andy Well, many people say they love the feeling of falling so

planes by reducing the number of flights each year.

Paul And how are they going to do that? By putting up the price, I suppose?

Judith Well, yes, I suppose air fares will go up, but I do think it's important that something is being done to solve the problem.

Paul Well, I don't see why I should give up my trips abroad. Perhaps they should be looking at reducing the number of cars on the road, or reducing emissions from factories and big industry. But of course, that's not in their interest, is it? The government doesn't make much profit from low-cost airlines, and so that's why they're blaming them for everything.

Judith I know what you mean. But still, global warming is a serious problem. I think we all have to do our bit to prevent it.You can't just sit back and expect the government to deal with it.

Paul So, what do you think we should do? Sell our cars and cycle to work?

Judith Well, that's certainly one possibility. I think everyone should be trying to save energy and water and just generally be a bit more aware of the problems we're facing. The fact is that

in the future millions of people will lose their homes and others will die if global warming continues. We could try to fly less this year and go on holiday in this country instead.

Paul OK, OK Judith, I take your point. Maybe we should do something. But meanwhile let's just enjoy lunch in the garden. Can you pass me another a sausage?

Presenter And I'd like to welcome Andy Evans, the Director of Extreme Sports United to the programme today. Andy, your speciality is bungee jumping, isn't it?

Andy Yes, it is.

Presenter Can you tell us something about bungee jumping? W11ose idea was it?

Andy Well, bu ngee jumping has been around for centuries, but it wasn't discovered in the West until relatively recently. It originated on the South Pacific island of Vanuatu, where young men known as 'land divers' used to perform the ritual

of jumping from tall wooden platforms with vines tied to their ankles.

Presenter And when did 'land diving' actually become a sport?

Andy Well, the first modern bungee jump happened about 20 years later in Bristol in tl1e UK. A man called Chris Baker used a kind

of elastic rope to make a bungee -that's the nan1e of the rope

-and four members of the Dangerous Sports Club made a jump from the Clifton Suspension Bridge on 1st April 1979. They were arrested almost immediately afterwards, but people continued jumping off bridges, especially in the States. For example people did bungee jumps from the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. In fact some of these jumps were sponsored by American

fast, but personally the bit I really like best is when the bungee reaches its full extent and then you fly back upwards again. You just can't beat that feeling of flying back up after you've nearly hit the ground.

OK, if I can have your attention, please. Good morning, everybody. My name's Sam, I'm a firefighter, and I'm here today to give you some tips on how to prevent house fires. I'll also be telling you the best way of getting out of a fire, if you ever happen to be trapped in one.

Most fires in the home happen while people are sleeping. One of the most important steps you can take to protect your family is

to install a smoke alarm on each floor of your house. Once you've got your smoke alarm installed and working, you should make an escape plan with your family to make sure everyone knows how to get out. Of course, there are other precautions you can take. The most common causes of fatal fires in the home are tobacco and smoking products, so it's best to avoid smoking in the bedroom. It's also important to keep matches and lighters out of reach of cl1ildren, preferably in a locked cupboard. Never leave food that's cooking unattended, especially hot oil if you're frying.

As well as preventing fires in the home, you also need to know what to do if a fire does break out. Ifyou get trapped in your home by smoke or flames, close all doors, and stuff towels or clothing under the doors to keep smoke out. Cover your nose and moutl1with a damp cloth to protect your lungs. Ifyou have to escape through a smoky area, remember that cleaner air is always nearer the floor, so you'll need to crawl out on all fours. Finally, and very importantly, if a fire breaks out, do not try to rescue pets or possessions. There isn't ti.me to do this -you must get out as

soon as possible. Once you have got out, do not go back in for any reason. Firefighters have a better chance of rescuing people who are trapped than you do.

OK, any questions?

Speaker 1 I think one of the most stupid arguments I've ever had was over a pen. Looking back, I can't believe I got angry for

such a pathetic reason, but at the time I suppose it must have been important to me. I can remember being totally fed up that I was always buying nice new pens and they kept on disappearing. So when I saw a colleague in my office using a pen just like the one

I'd just bought, but which I couldn't find, I accused her of taking mine. She got really angry and said I was accusing her of stealing, and we had a terrible argument. We've never really spoken to each

other since then, unless it's absolutely necessary for work, even though I have apologized. And of course a couple of days after we had our argument, I found my pen in one of my drawers. I felt so stupid.

Speaker 2 You know, people are right when they say you should never get involved in your children's arguments. I lost a very good friend because our children had a fight one day in the swimming pool. They must have been about five at the tin1e, and her son was trying to pull my son under water. Eventually my son got fed up and turned round and scratched her son really badly on his chest. My friend was really angry and she told me my son wasn't normal. That made me furious and I said some awful things about her son, and that was the last time we spoke to each other. The end of a good friendship.

Speal<er 3 The only time I've been involved in an argument which got out of hand was when I was about 12.A school friend accused me of copying her homework, which I hadn't. And she made this accusation in front of the whole class. I was so angry I felt like hitting her, but fortunately I managed to control myself and I just left the classroom until I calmed down. Later she came to find me

to apologize, and I felt quite relieved. I guess we must have forgiven each other fairly quickly, because we kept on wall<ing to school together.

Emma Jerry, have you seen this study about women marrying people who look like their fathers?

Jerry No, I haven't. What does it say?

Emma Well, it says that a lot of women look for a boyfriend or husband with a similar face to their father's, but only if they had a really good relationship with their father when the woman

was a child.

Jerry Yeah? And how didthey find that out?

Emma Well, it says here that what they did first was measure the faces of the women's fathers and then they asked the women

to look at photos of 15young men and choose the ones they found particularly attractive.

Jerry But the men in the photos would have been much younger than their fathers, surely?

Emma Yes, of course they were. But the women could only see their eyes, nose, and mouth - so it wasn't so easy to tell their ages.

Jerry What happened then?

Emma Then the scientists compared the measurements of the fathers' faces to the measurements of the men's faces that the woman found attractive. They discovered that women who had good relationships with their fathers chose men whose nose, eyes, and eyebrows were very similar to their fathers'.

Jerry Really?

Emma Yes. It says that Gwyneth Paltrow, the actress, and Stella McCartney, Paul McCartney's daughter, both had an excellent relationship with their fathers when they were children and they've both married men who look like their father.

Jerry I'm not completely convinced by this theory. I mean, I don't look anything like your dad, do I? Did you have a good relationship with him when you were a child?

Emma Yes, very good.

Jerry There you are then. So the theory doesn't work for you. Emma Or maybe I just didn't meet anyone who looked like my dad!

Speaker I I'll never forget the first time I saw a band play live.

I was at Leeds University at the time and The Who actually came to play at the university.The atmosphere was electric and the hall was absolutely packed. I was standing right at the front, not far away from Pete Townshend, the guitarist. They played some great tracks and the crowd went wild during My Generation. It was amazing. I enjoyed it so much that I didn't want it to end.

Speaker 2 I thin!< the best group of all time was Nirvana, though they weren't around for very long. I mean they were huge in the early nineties, but then they broke up in 1994 when the lead singer Kurt Cobain died. But even though they weren't together for

long their music is still very popular today. I read an article in the papers the other day which said their single Smells like Teen Spirit is considered by music critics to be one of the greatest rock songs of all time, and people still vote for it as their favourite single. And I think people will always remember Nirvana because they really started the 'grunge' movement, and that had a huge effect on rock music all over the world.

Speaker 3 Whenever I hear the theme tune to the film Titanic

- My Heart Will Go On -sung by Celine Dion, it always puts me in a really bad mood. When I was at school we were planning a Christmas concert for our parents, and I'd just learned to play the tune on the flute. Anyway, I volunteered to play it in the concert but unfortunately I got incredibly nervous when I went

out on stage in front of all the parents, and I played it really, really badly.Now, every time I hear that song, I just remember how embarrassed I felt.

Presenter Hello and welcome to today's programme where we're going to look at a surprising new trend -sleep therapy.

Journalist Nick Parker has been investigating. Nick what exactly is sleep therapy?

Nick Scientists who have been studying sleep have found that people who don't get enough sleep are less efficient at work and more lil<ely.to take time off sick. So sleep therapy is something that has evolved to help these people who are sleep deprived

by offering them the opportunity to get some extra rest. The places which are offering sleep therapy are mainly spas, and in many big cities worldwide they've opened special 'sleep spas'. These are places where stressed business executives can have a nap whenever they need one. There are two very well-known sleep spa chains in New York, one called Yelo and one called Metronaps, but more sleep spas are opening all the time.

Presenter So what happens when you go to one of these spas?

Nick Well, in Yelo you're taken to a private little space called a 'pod'. The pod is hexagonal, I mean it's got six sides, and it contains a very comfortable leather reclining chair and a

blanket, and the lighting is really soft, to encourage you to relax. Metronaps is quite similar but you lie in a chair which has a sort of spherical hood a bit like what they have in hairdressers'. So in both places you can have a comfortable nap in total privacy.

Presenter How long do people usually spend in these sleep spas?

Nick Well, in both Yelo and Metronaps a session lasts twenty minutes, but of course you can book more than one ifyou think you need it.

Presenter Is it expensive? Do you know how much a session costs? Nick It's somewhere between 12 and 15 dollars a session.

And now it's time for your best news stories of the week.

Monday's story.This happened in Kent in the south of England. A woman went to the supermarket, and she had a bag of old clothes to throw in the recycling bin. But after she'd thrown them in, she decided that she'd made a mistake and she wanted to keep them, but when she tried to rescue the items she got stuck in the bin with only her legs visible from outside. Luckily someone saw her and

called the fire brigade, who came and rescued her. So there's a lesson there, be careful before you throw things into a recycling bin.

Tuesday's story.A bank clerk accidentally gave a customer nearly £2 million on Tuesday when he made a mistake with her deposit. When Jenny Woollvin went to her local bank to pay a fifty-pound cheque into her account, she decided to check her balance at the same time.

To her surprise, she found she was a millionaire! When the clerk was filling in the form to pay in the £50 he accidentally put part of her account number into the space where the amount goes -so he had given her £1,761,000. Unfortunately for Jenny the error was discovered and the money instantly disappeared.

Our next story happened in Bristol on Wednesday.A postman saw two men who were mugging a woman, and ran to her defence. He managed to hit one of the muggers with his heavy mailbag -but then he discovered that in fact tl1ey were actors, and were filming a scene for a TV series. A BBC spokesman said that no one was hurt. Thursday's story...

Infact it was the Russians and not the Americans who won the space race in the 60s by sending the first man into space. And that man was Yuri Gagarin.

Yuri was born on March 9th, 1934 in a small village called Klushino. As a child Yuri was intelligent and hard-working. He started taking flying lessons while he was at college, and everyone soon realized that flying came to him naturally. In 1955, he joined the Soviet Air Force and he was given a special position as a test pilot - that is he had to fly new and experimental aircraft.

In 1960, Yuri Gagarin was chosen with 19 other cosmonauts

for the Soviet space programme. He had to go through a very tough and difficult training period, when he took part in a series of experiments to test how strong he was physically and mentally. Yuri got top marks from the instructors. They said that they admired his 'bright mind and quick reactions'.

He was only told that he had been chosen as the pilot of the proposed space flight three days before it actually happened. Then on April 12th, 1961 at 9.07 Moscow time, 27-year-old Gagarin left the Earth in the Soviet spaceship, Vostok I.He took exactly 108 minutes to complete his trip, which was a complete success. When he returned to Earth, Gagarin had to eject from the capsule at an altitude of approximately seven kilometres in order to land safely.

After the flight, Gagarin became an instant, worldwide celebrity, and he travelled all over the world giving talks and conferences.

He became Deputy Training Director at the cosmonaut facility which had trained him, and he also decided to requalify as a fighter pilot with the Air Force. However, tragically in March 1968 during a routine training flight, the plane he was piloting crashed for some unknown reason and both Gagarin and his instructor were killed. Since his death, Gagarin seems to have been forgotten by everyone -but not by the Russians. In his home country several streets have been named after him, and he is buried in the walls of the Kremlin on Red Square.

I

Speaker l My favourite city is in central Europe on the banks of the Vltava River. It's one of the three Imperial Cities together with Vienna and Budapest, and it's well known for its architecture and historical importance. The Hradeany Castle in the district of the same name overlooks the city centre, and the main square is called Wenceslaus Square. Culturally, it's famous as the birthplace of Kafka, Dvorak, and Smetana.

Speaker 2 The most beautiful city I've ever visited is on the Pacific coast of Canada. It's surrounded by water on three sides, and has the Coast Mountain Range on the other. There's a large island opposite the city where Canadian s often go on holiday. It also has the largest urban park in North America, called Stanley Park, which has a zoo, a marine science centre, and famous gardens containing native trees. It's known as one of the cities in the world with the highest quality of life.

Speaker 3 My favourite city is the capital of a South American country.It's on the banks of the Rio de la Plata and is famous for being the birthplace of the tango. It's one of the world's busiest ports and the residents often refer to themselves as Porteftos. The main square is called the Plaza de Mayo, and one of this city's streets, the Avenida 9 de Julio is said to be the widest boulevard in the world.

Although it's not in Europe, it actually feels quite European -bits of it remind me of Paris and other bits of Italy.In fact one of the districts

is called Palermo Viejo, like the capital of Sicily.

Simon Hey Maggie, have you seen these inventions? Maggie No. Let me have a look.

Simon They're really funny.

Maggie Oh yes. Oh look, that one's useful, isn't it?

Simon Yes, it's always too hot when you take it out of the saucepan, isn't it?

Maggie Yes, and you can't take the top off straight away. I think that could be handy. I'd quite like to have one.

Simon Oh and look at these. Maggie What are they?

Simon Oh, they've got a light to help you see when you go to the bathroom!

Maggie Oh, I think they're great! You wouldn't have to wake everyone up any more.

Simon How about this one?

Maggie What's that? Do you think it keeps it cold?

Simon Yes, it looks like that's what it's for. To keep it cold when you go for a picnic.

Maggie It could be useful I suppose. Oh! Look at this one! How silly!

Simon You mean you never get it all over your face?

Maggie No, I don't actually. I never wear the stuffi But I know it can be difficult to put on sometimes.

Simon What's that box for?

Maggie I don't know. What are they doing?

Simon I know! Those are onions! It's to stop you crying when you chop them up. What a good idea!

Maggie It can't possibly work, though. I find the best thing is to open the window and get a bit of fresh air.

Simon Yes, I suppose so. Look at the last one!

Maggie Oh, that's ridiculous! How on earth can he ride it?

Simon I've got no idea! I can't work out how the wheel goes round.

Maggie No. Good point. I really can't see how it would work. Simon They're good though, aren't they?

Maggie Absolutely fantastic! I love them.

Max So what annoys you about my family then? Ella Are you really sure you want to talk about this?

Max Yes, why not? What's the problem? They're not that bad, are they?

Ella No, of course not, but I've got a different perspective, haven't I?

Max Oh, come on! I'd really like to know what you think. Ella Well, all right then.

Max What about my Mum?

Ella Well, I think she's really nice... Max But...

Ella But she drives me mad when I'm cooking. I mean, if

she wants to help, that's great, but I wish she wouldn't keep complaining that I haven't got any sharp knives or anything. I'm quite happy with my house and the way it looks so I wish she wouldn't criticize all the time!

Max Well, I don't think she's that bad, I mean, I think she just wants to help...

Ella Yes, and I'm grateful for her help, but not for her comments OK? That's just how I feel, all right.

Max Right. OK. What about Dad?

Ella Well, he's not really interested in anyone else, is he? I mean, if he's happy then that's fine, and if he's not, well, everyone else has to make sure that he's all right.

Max I don't think that's very fair. He's not well, is he? And he gets tired quickly and...

Ella You asked me to tell you what I think, so I'm telling you, OK? I just don't think it's right that we all have to go running around after your dad when there are other people to think about. I mean there are the kids to worry about, too. OK, it's your turn now.

Max What?

Ella To tell me about my family.

Max Well after what you've said I don't know where to start! Well, really, your Mum can be quite unbearable...

Speaker 1 Oh, I'm hopeless with adverts! I only remember them if I recognize the songs. One I do remember though was a Levi's advert from years ago. It showed quite a sophisticated-looking

girl returning home to her planet from a trip to Earth where she'd bought these jeans. The best thing about it was the soundtrack which was the number one hit Spaceman by Babylon Zoo, I think. This song was perfect because it speeded up and slowed down in different places, so it sounded quite futuristic, just like the images on the advert.

Speaker 2 I think the adverts are only worth watching if there's actually something nice to see on them. My favourite was the Nespresso one with George Clooney. In the advert he walks into a Nespresso shop -you know, where you can make yourself a coffee, and while he's making his coffee he overhears an ambiguous conversation between two girls who are drinking Nespresso. The conversation could be about him, or could be about the coffee. He hears things like 'dark', 'strong', 'mysterious', 'with an intense body'.

In the end he goes up and asks them if they're talking about the coffee and they say, 'Yes. I love it!'

Speaker 3 My favourite ad has got to be the one where that Audi climbs up a ski jump. I honestly thought this was a trick, until

one of my friends told me that the car actually did that in real life. Apparently the ski jump is in Finland, and when I looked on the Internet to check this out, I discovered that the new ad is a remake of a previous one Audi made in 1986. It's really impressive, though, and I think it caught a lot of people's attention when it came out.

-

Presenter Today we have with us linguist Nick Harper to tell us a bit about the forgotten language of Esperanto. Nick, whatever happened to Esperanto? Does anyone speak it nowadays?

Nick Well, yes they do actually. There are an estimated 1.6 million speakers of Esperanto in the world today.

Presenter That's amazing. So tell us something about the history of the language.

Nick Well, it was developed at the end of the nineteenth century by a Polish doctor called Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof. His idea was that people of different countries could communicate in a common language. He thought this would help to avoid conflict between nations and prevent wars.

Presenter But why invent a new language? Why not convert one of the existing ones?

Nick Well, Zamenhof thought that the major languages of the day -French, German, Russian, and English -were too difficult for people to learn. He also believed that a native speaker would always have the advantage in a discussion with non-native speakers. So that's why he proposed a new language where everyone would be equal. That language was Esperanto.

Presenter So, Esperanto is easier to learn than other languages?

Nick Yes, much easier. It's an artificial language made up of five vowels and 23 consonants with phonetic spelling, logical

grammar rules, and regular verb endings. Experts say that for an English speaker, Esperanto is five times easier to learn than French or Spanish, ten times easier than Russian, and 20 times easier than Chinese or Arabic.

Presenter It sounds perfect! So what happened? Why aren't we all speaking Esperanto?

Nick Well, in the beginning Esperanto was quite successful, especially in Central and Eastern Europe and in the old Soviet Union. There was even talk of replacing Chinese with Esperanto after the 1911 revolution in China, but of course this never happened.

Presenter So, who uses Esperanto today?

Nick Well it's still spoken as a second language in about 90 countries of the world, it's on the school curriculum in China, Hungary, and Bulgaria, and it's also being taught in some British schools as a way of helping students to learn other languages.

Presenter Thanl< you Nick Harper for talking to us.

I

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l11e authors would like to thank: all the teacl1ers and students round the world whose feedback has helped us to shape New English File and also all those at Oxford University Press (both in Oxford and around the woi·ld) who have contributed their skills and ideas to produdng this course.

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l11e authors and publisher are grateful to tliose who have given pennission to reprod11ce the following extracts and adaptations of copyright material: p.5 'Casanova's language oflove makes way for T-shirts and texts' by Richard Owen.

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