The Main lexicological problems

Lexicology as a linguistic science

Branches of lexicology

The Main lexicological problems

Lexicology – science of the linguistic

· Giving systematic descriptions od the world – stock of ME

· Investigating

· The problems of the world – structure and world-formation

The main principals of the classification of vocabulary units into various groupings:

1. The relations exiting between various layer of the English vocabulary

2. The laws governing the replenishment of the vocabulary, the changes it has undergone in its history

The Branches of lexicology

· The general study of worlds and vocabulary. In respective of specific aches of any particular language is know as general lexicology.

· Special lexicology devoid it attention to the description of the characteristic peculiarities in the vocabulary of the language

· Contrastive lexicology provides a theoretical basis on which the vocabulary of different languages can be compared and described

· Historical lexicology (etymology) the object of etymology is the evolution of any vocabulary forms/ this branch of linguistic studies the born of worlds, they are change and development and investigates linguistics and extra linguistic forces more define the structure, linguistic and meaning.

· Descriptive lexicology The vocabulary of a given language as a given stage of it’s development/ it deals with a English world in its morphological, semantically structure, investigating the into dependents between with 2 aspects.

The Main lexicological problems

1. Problem of the definition of the notion “world’

The basic language unit is the world. Within the scope the world has been defined

· Syntactically

· Phonologically

· Semantically

· By combining various approaches путём объединения рал подходов

The word has been syntactically defined as the minimum sentence. By Hanry sweet and much later by Leonard Bloomfield, as a minimum 3 form.

The word has been phonetically defined by Alan Gardiner as a sound symbol. In its aspect of denoting this is spoken about.

The word has been semantically defined by Stephen Ullman as meaningful unit composing a connective discourse.

The week point of all this definitions is that they are strongly dependent upon the line of approach and the aim of the Scholar.

The efforts such as Vinogradov, Smernitscy, Stepanove. Resulted in created a world theory viuing a world as a unity of form and contend.

Thus the word is as a speech unit used for the purpose of human communication, materially representing a group of sounds possessing a meaning susceptible to grammatical employment and characterized by formal and semantic unity.

The modern approach to world studies is based on establishing between the internal and external structure. By external structure of the world we mean morphological structure. E.g. if the world post-impressionist: the prefixes: post-,im-, the root: press, the noun forming suffixes –ion

The internal structure is usually referred 2 as the world semantic structure it certainly word’s main aspects.

The problem of word building is associated with process of making new worlds. Modern approuchs to this problem are characterize by 2 different levels of studies: syntagmatic and paradagmetinng

On the Syntagmatic level, the semantic structure of the word is analyzed in its linear relationships with neighboring words in connected speech. In other world the semantic characteristic are studied on the basis of the contest. E.g. ‘a hat on her hand’ the noun ‘head’ means ‘part of the body’ whereas in the phrase ‘head of the department’ the world ‘head’ means ‘chief’

On the paradigmatic level, the world id studied in its relationships with other words in the vocabulary system. A worlds may be studied in comparison with other world

O similar meaning (labour – n.)

Of opposite meaning (busy – adj)

Of different stylistic characteristics (man, chap)

The international and external

Ne further important objective of L is the study of the vocabulary as a system. The Vocabulary can be studied

Suinconically, that is, at a given stage of its development

Diachronically, that is, in the context of the processes through which it grew, development and acquired its modern form.

The opposition of these two approaches is distutble as a vocabulary but also what it was central a girl and has being through.

The system showing a world in all its world-forms its call paradigm. The lexical meaning of the world is the same throughout the paradigm. It means all the world forms of one of the same world are lexically identity. He grammatically various from one form to another.

English vocabulary as a system

1. Ways of encroaching vocabulary

2. The classification of the E V

1. Morphological classification

2. Thematic mimeographing

3. Terminological

4. Different types of non-semantic grouping

By the vocabulary of a language is understood the total some o its forms. Another term is the stock of words. The vocabulary of the language in not homogeneous (однородный). It’s an adaptive system.

The number of worlds in a language isn’t constant and the increase is usually greater than the leak out. This prousess may be obtained by its results that is neologism (newly-pointed words).

Productive word-formation patterns are the most effective means of a reaching vocabulary:

1. Affixation (electronics, psycho-linguistics)

2. Conversion (a sputnik – to sputnik) by changing the part of speech without any morphemic changing.

3. Back – derivation -) by changing the part of speech with any morphemic changing (to laze from lazy)

4. Shortening – by reducing part of a word (lab – laboratory)

Semantic extension (Ex. The new slangish world ‘heel’ that means a traitor or a double crosses (хитрец) has lost all connection with 'heel' – the back part of human feet) is a pour full resource of a reaching vocabulary. It consists in splitting of policemly that results in appearance hominines.

Borrowing is from science terminological. In the course of time is accepted into the word stop of the language and been often used it stopped to be considered new, or it may not be accepted and vanish from the vocabulary.

When we consider the lexical system of a language as an adaptive system developing for many centures we have to contrast the innovations with words that drop from the language obsolete words or surviveonly in special contacts in bracits – archaism (ex. BETWIX is replaced by between)and historism.

Archaism – that were once common but now are replaced by synonyms.

Historism – with the thing named is now longer used its name becomes a historism (ex. Phaeton –мдель легкого автомобиля)

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