Words of native origin and their characteristics

The native element of the English vocabulary words of englasenses oranges broad to the British iles from the continent in the 5centery by the Germanic tribes (the Angles? The Saxons and the Jutes) and some words coined in English later. We are some divided into 3 big categories:

1. Words of the Indo-European stock

2. Words of the common Germanic origin

3. English words proper

The words having parallels in the vocabularies of different in the vocabulary language form the oldest layer (e.g. English STAR, German STERN, Latin STELLA)

1/The words Indo-European stock fall into different semantic groups:

1. Terms of kinship (father, mother etc)

2. Natural phenomena (Sun, Moon, star etc)

3. Names of animals and birds (horse)

4. Parts of human body (heart, eye)

5. Qualities and prosperities (old)

6. Common actions (come)

2/The much big part of formed words of the common germantic stock:

German, Norwegian, Dutch, Icelandic (e.g. English SUMMER/ WINTER, German SOMMER\WINTER

3/THE ENGLISH ELEMENT PROPER IS SPECIFICALLY English no cognates in other languages (lady, always, boy)

A loan word or a borrowing is a word taken from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling paradigm according to the standards of the English language

Borrowing can enter the languages in 2 ways:

1. Through oral speech, by between the context in people

2. Through written speech, by indirect context through books

Oral borrowings took place mainly in the early periods of history (OLD BORROWINGS FROM LATIN: MILL). They are usually short and go more changes in the act of adoption.

Written borrowings (FRENCH ‘BELLET – LETTERS) preserved there spelling. They are often rather long and they are simulation is a laborious process.

The criteria of borrowings are:

1. Certain pronunciation and spelling (PSYCHOLOGY Greek)

2. Unusual morphological structure and grammatical forms (Pl/ BACTERIA Sg. BACTERIUM - Lain)

3. Specifically lexical meaning (rickshaw)

Borrowing words are assimilated in 3 main ways:

1. Phonetic assimilation comprising changes in the sound, form and stress

2. Grammatical assimilation causing the loss of former grammatical categories and affixes and the accruement of new paradigms (Latin BOTANICUS – BOTANICAL in English)

3. Semantic assimilation comprising adjustment to the system of meaning of the voc-ry (GAY from French: noble of birth, bright shining, multicolored. Now: joyful or high – spirited.

According to the degree of assimilation Loan-words all into 3 groups:

1. Completely assimilated words that fallow all morphological, phonological ant orthographical, standards of the receiving language (PAIN French is readily combined with native affixes PAINED, PAINFULL)

2. partially assimilated words that may be:

· not assimilated semantically, because they denote objects and notions peculiar to ascertain country (sombrero)

· not assimilated grammatically (Latin and Greek: formula – ae)

· not assimilated phonetically (prestige)

· not assimilated graphically (the final silent T in ballet – French)

3. barbarism – words from other languages used by the English people in conversation or in writing but not assimilated in any way and for which there are corresponding English equivalents (chaos).

The changes which a loan word had to undergo depending on the date of its penetration are the main clause for the existence of the so called 1/ etymological doublets – are pairs of words which have one and the same original form but which have enquired different forms and different meanings during the course of linguistic development. E.g. the words SHIRT and SCIRT etymologically descend from the same root. Shirt is a native word, skirt is a Scandinavian borrowing. Their phonetic shape is different, and yet there is a certain resemblance, which reflects their common origin, their meanings are also different but easily associated: they both denote articles of clothing.

2/Words of identical origin and are occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from 1 ultemid source this words are called international words (gene, antibiotic).

Alongside lone words proper we distinguish 3/ translation loans and 4/ semantic loans. Translation loans are words borrowed not in the same phonemic shape they have been functioning I the along language there are own. But after undergoing the process of translation. The semantic loan denotes the development of a new meaning in an English word due to the influence of a related word in another language. E.g. English PIONEER originally meant EXPLOER. Under the influence of Russian word it has come to mean ‘ member of the young pioneer’.

Synonymy, Antonomy, Homonymy

1/ Definition of synonyms and their classification

2/Definition of antonyms and their classification

3/ Definition of Homonymy antonyms and their classification

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