ABBREVIATION OF WORDS

Abbreviation of words consists in clipping a part of a word. As a result we get a new lexical unit where either the lexical meaning or the style is different from the full form of the word. In such cases as fantasy and fancy, fence and defence we have different lexical meanings. In such cases as laboratory and lab we have different styles.

Abbreviation doesn’t change part-of-speech meaning, as in the case of conversion or affixation, it produces words belonging to the same part of speech as the primary word, e.g. prof is a noun and professor is also a noun. Mostly nouns undergo abbreviation, but we can also meet abbreviation of verbs, such as to rev from to revolve, to tab from to tabulate etc. But mostly abbreviated forms of verbs are formed by means of conversion from abbreviated nouns, e.g. to taxi, to vac etc. Adjectives can be abbreviated but they are mostly used in school slang and are combined with suffixation, e.g. comfy, dilly etc. As a rule, pronouns, numerals, interjections, conjunctions are not abbreviated. The exceptions are: fif (fifteen), (apocope), teenager, in one’s teens (apheresis from numerals from 13 to 19).

Lexical abbreviations are classified according to the part of the word which is clipped. Mostly the end of the word is clipped, because the beginning of the word in most cases is the root and expresses the lexical meaning of the word. This type of abbreviation is called apocope. Here we can mention the group of words ending in – o, such as disco (discotheque), expo (exposition), intro (introduction) and many others. On the analogy with these words there developed in Modern English a number of words where – o is added as a kind of a suffix to the shortened form of the word, e.g. combo (combination) – невеликий естрадний ансамбль, Afro (African) – зачіска під африканця etc.

In other cases the beginning of the word is clipped. In such cases we have apheresis, e.g. chute (parachute), varsity (university), copter (helicopter), etc. Sometimes the middle of the word is clipped, e.g. mart (market), fanzine (fan magazine), maths mathematics). Such abbreviations are called syncope. Sometimes we have a combination of apocope with apheresis, when the beginning and the end of the word are clipped, e.g. tec (detective), van (avanguard) etc.

Sometimes shortening influences the spelling of the word, e.g. “ c ” can be substituted by “k” before “e” to preserve pronunciation, e.g. mike (microphone), coke (coca-cola) etc. The same rule is observed in the following cases: teck (technical college), trank tranquilizer) etc. The final consonants in the shortened forms are substituted by letters characteristic of native English words.

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