 |
АвтоАвтоматизацияАрхитектураАстрономияАудитБиологияБухгалтерияВоенное делоГенетикаГеографияГеологияГосударствоДомДругоеЖурналистика и СМИИзобретательствоИностранные языкиИнформатикаИскусствоИсторияКомпьютерыКулинарияКультураЛексикологияЛитератураЛогикаМаркетингМатематикаМашиностроениеМедицинаМенеджментМеталлы и СваркаМеханикаМузыкаНаселениеОбразованиеОхрана безопасности жизниОхрана ТрудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПриборостроениеПрограммированиеПроизводствоПромышленностьПсихологияРадиоРегилияСвязьСоциологияСпортСтандартизацияСтроительствоТехнологииТорговляТуризмФизикаФизиологияФилософияФинансыХимияХозяйствоЦеннообразованиеЧерчениеЭкологияЭконометрикаЭкономикаЭлектроникаЮриспунденкция
Word-group vs. phraseological unit: structure and semantics
Phraseological unit (idiom, set expression) - a non-motivated word-group that cannot be freely made up in speech, but is reproduced as ready-made units. a white elephant - обуза, подарок, от которого не знаешь как избавиться
Distinctive features: meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of the constituents;
stable lexical components (statistical probability of co-occurrence for the member words); are re produced in speech, but not constructed in the process of communication; the denotational meaning belongs to the word group; constituents don’t preserve their denotational meaning; components of a phraseological unit very often have just one form of all the forms of their paradigms; often possess expressiveness or emotional colouring.
Semantic classification of phraseological units (V.V. Vinogradov): 1) According to the degree of motivation: phraseological fusions are units the meaning of which cannot be deduced from the meanings of their component parts (unmotivated units) red tape - bureaucratic methods phraseological unities are expressions in which the meaning of the whole is based on the metaphorically/metonimically transferred meanings of the components to show one's teeth (to be unfriendly), phraseological combinations are traditional word groups. The components are limited in the ability to combine with other words by some linguistic factors. to break news, to meet the demands, to take a liking to smth
Structural classification of phraseological units (A.I. Smirnitsky): one-top (one-summit) phraseological units (≈ derived words) verb-adverb phraseological units of 'to give up‘ type: to bring up, to try out, to look up, to break up, to come up; phraseological units of 'to be tired‘ type: to be surprised, to be up to;prepositional-substantative units: by heart; two-top phraseological units (≈ compound words). attributive-nominal: brains trust, white elephant, blind alley; verb-nominal phrases: to know the ropes, to take place;phraseological repetitions: ups and downs, rough and ready, flat as a pancake;
Functional, semantic and structural classification (A.V. Kunin):
Phraseology is an independent branch of linguistics. Phraseology studies stable lexical units.
Types of stability: Stability of usage: units are reproduced ready-made, but not created in speech; Lexical stability: the components are either irreplaceable (tit for tat, mare's nest) or partly replaceable within the certain limits: lexical ( a skeleton in the cupboard - a skeleton in the closet), grammatical (to be in deep water - to be in deep waters), quantitative (Tom, Dick and Harry - every Tom, Dick and Harry), mixed variants (raise/stir up a hornets' nest about one's ears - to arouse/stir up the nest of hornets) Semantic stability: meaning of a phraseological unit is preserved. It may only be specified by the changes.
Word group a combination of two or more notional words serving to express one concept. It is produced in speech
Motivation is the relationship between the phonemic or morphemic composition and structural pattern of the word and its meaning. 1) Phonetical - similarity between the sounds that make up the word and those referred to by the sense bang, buzz, cuckoo, giggle, gurgle, hiss, purr, 2) Morphological - reflects the type of nomination process chosen by the creator of the new word.
re-think, detainee, manoeuvrable, prefabricated, self-propelling, 3) Semantic - co-existence of direct and figurative meanings of the same word within the same synchronous system. the mouth of a river, of a cave 4) Non-mоtivated - no perceptible reason for the word having this particular phonemic and morphemic composition
6. Major types of word-formation in the English language.
When a word first comes into existence it is built out according to the existing patterns of the elements available in the language. Word-formation is that branch of lexicology that studies the derivative structure of existing words and the patterns on which a language builds new words. WF – is the system of derivative types of words and the process of creating new words after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns (Ginzburg); WF – the process of forming words by combining root and affixal morphemes according to certain patterns specific for the language. (Medvedeva).
Derivation - словопроизводство, словообразование, деривация. In generative grammar the set of stages that link the abstract underlying structure of an expression to its surface form ex. Begger-to beg
Composition – such word formation where the target word is formed by combining two or more stems
Word composition compound words:
1) Of the parts of speech compound words represent: N: night-gown, waterfall; V: to honeymoon, to outgrow; Adj.: peace-loving, hard-working; Adv.: downstairs; Prep.: within; Num.: thirty-seven;
2) Of the means of composition used to link the two ICs together: neutral – formed byjoined together two stems without connecting elements, ex.: scarecrow; morphological – components are joined by linking element (o, I and s), ex.: videophone, tragicomic, craftsman; syntactical – the components are joined by means of form-word stems, ex: man-of-war, face-to-face.
3) Of degree of semantic independence of components: subordinative comp. (determinative) их большинство– one component is the semantic and structural centre, the second component is subordinate, and subordinate relations can be: comparative (snow-white); instrumental or agentive relations (sunrise, dogbite); relations of purpose (bookshelf); emphatic relations (dead-cheap); functional relations (textbook); sex relations (he-goat); various relations of adverbial type. Coordinative comp. (copulative or additive) both components are semantically independent: reduplicative comp. (made by repetition of the same base ex. goody-goody, go-go); comp. formed by rhythmic stems (a walkie-talkie, chit-chat); additive comp. are built on stems of the independently functioning words of the same part of speech. Denote an object ex. afro-american.
4) Of the order of ICs compounds may be: syntactic – formed by merely placing components in direct order that resembles the order of words in free phrases, ex.: blacklist, handcuffs; asyntactic are compounds with Indirect order (the order of bases runs counter to the order in which the motivating words can be brought together), ex.: oil-rich, rain-driven.
5) Of their structure: compounds proper are formed by joining together two stems, ex.: film-star, earthquake; compound-derived words (stem+affixes), ex.: long-legged, a two-seater; compound-shortened words, ex.: h-bag, A-bomb; compounds where at least of the constituents is a compound stem: wastepaper-basket.free phrases, ex.: a night-cap – “a drink taken before going to bed at night”.
6) Of the correlative relations with the system of free word-groups: non-idiomatic, if the meaning of the whole is the sum total of the meanings of the components, ex.: flower-bed, homeland; idiomatic compounds are different in meaning from corresponding
Conversion – the process of coining new words in a different part of speech and with different distribution characteristics but without adding any derivative elements so that the basic form of the original and derived words are homonymous. H. Sweet used this term in his New English Grammar. Different scholars treat this term differently as morphological word forming mean (Smirnitscy), combined morphological and syntactic way (change of syntactic function in a sentence) V and N (Arnold) and purely syntactic approach.
1. N into V (denominal verbs) denote:
Instrumental use of the object ex. eye-to eye; Action characteristic of the object ex. ape-to ape; acquisition (преобритение) ex. fish-to fish; deprivation (лешение) of the object ex. dust- to dust
2. V into N (deverbal substantives) denote:
Instance (этап) of an action, ex. to move-a move; Word agent of an action, ex. to bore-a bore (скважина); place of an action, ex. to walk – a walk (расстояние); result of the action, ex. to cut – a cut.
Поиск по сайту: