Classifications of phraseological units

1. Антрушина, Г.Б. Лексикология английского языка: учебник для студ. пед. ин-тов по спец. № 2103 "Иностр. яз." / Г.Б. Антрушина, О.В. Афанасьева, Н.Н. Морозова; под ред. Г.Б. Антрушиной. — М.: Высш. школа, 1985. — С. 242—251.

2. Воробей, А.Н. Глоссарий лингвистических терминов / А.Н. Воробей, Е.Г. Карапетова. — Барановичи: УО "БарГУ", 2004. — 108 с.

3. Дубенец, Э.М. Современный английский язык. Лексикология: пособие для студ. гуманит. вузов / Э.М. Дубенец. — М. / СПб.: ГЛОССА / КАРО, 2004. — С. 87—95.

4. Лексикология английского языка: учебник для ин-тов и фак-тов иностр. яз. / Р.З. Гинзбург [и др.]; под общ. ред. Р.З. Гинзбург. — 2-е изд., испр. и доп. — М.: Высш. школа, 1979. — С. 75—79.

5. Лещева, Л.М. Слова в английском языке. Курс лексикологии современного английского языка: учебник для студ. фак-в и отдел. английского языка (на англ. яз.) / Л.М. Лещева. — Минск: Академия управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь, 2001. — С. 105—110.

4. Ways of formation of phraseological units. The sources of phraseology.

1. Дубенец, Э.М. Современный английский язык. Лексикология: пособие для студ. гуманит. вузов / Э.М. Дубенец. — М. / СПб.: ГЛОССА / КАРО, 2004. — С. 83—87.

Key terms: free word-group, phraseological unit, phraseological combinations, phraseological unities, phraseological fusions, idiomaticity.

Compulsory tasks and exercises:

1. Consider your answers to the following questions:

1. What is meant when we say that an idiom has a "double" meaning?

2. Why is it very important to use idioms with care? Should foreign-language students use them? Give reasons for your answer.

3. The term "phraseological unit" is used by most Russian scholars. What other terms are used to describe the same word-groups?

4. How can you show that the "freedom" of free word-groups is relative and arbitrary?

5. What are the two major criteria for distinguishing between phraseological units and free word-groups?

6. How would you explain the term "grammatical invariability" of phraseological units?

7. How do proverbs differ from phraseological units?

8. Can proverbs be regarded as a subdivision of phraseological units? Give reasons for your answer.

9. What is the basis of the traditional and oldest principle for classifying phraseological units?

10. What other criteria can be used for the classification of phraseological units?

11. Do you share the opinion that in idioms the original associations are partly or wholly lost? Are we entirely free from the picture built up by the current meanings of the individual words in idioms? Illustrate your answer with different examples.

12. What are the merits and disadvantages of the thematic principle of classification of phraseological units?

13. Explain the semantic principle of classification of phraseological units.

14. What is the basis of the structural principle of classification for phraseological units?

15. Analyse Professor A.I. Smirnitsky's classification system for phraseological units. What is it based on? Do you see any controversial points in the classification system?

16. Discuss the merits of Professor A.V. Koonin's system for the classification of phraseological units. What is it based on? Do you find any points in the classification system which are open to question?

2. Give Russian equivalents to the phraseological units.

1. It is the last straw that breaks the camel's back. 2. Can the leopard change his spots? 3. To have (to put) all one's eggs in one basket. 4. There is no use crying over spilt milk. 5. To set one's heart upon something. 6. To put two and two together. 7. When the cat's away, the mice will play. 8. To cut one's coat according to one's cloth. 9. To be in the same boat (box). 10. To let the grass grow under one's feet (to let no grass grow under one's feet). 11. To give somebody a piece of one's mind. 12. A stitch in time saves nine. 13. Tell it to the marines! 14. A skeleton in the cupboard. 15. Let us return to our mut­tons. 16. To skate (to be) on thin ice. 17. To spare the rod and spoil the child. 18. To build castles in the air. 19. To take the bull by the horns. 20. To let the cat out of the bag. 21. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 22. Birds of a feather flock together. 23. Where there is a will, there is a way. 24. To be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth. 25. To wear one's heart on one's sleeve.

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