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Affixes
1.1. Prefixes
1.1.1. Prefixes of Germanic Origin Which Still Exist as Separate Words
| Prefix | Form of the independent word | Etymology | Examples (Examples in Column I include the prefixed words, while in the examples given in Column II the prefixes have fused with the stem of the word and no longer are felt as prefixes) | |
| I | II | |||
| after- | after | OB | afternoon,afterthought, after-crop | |
| all- | all | OE | always, almost | alone, also |
| by- | by | OE | byroad, byway, bypath, byword | |
| fore- | before | OE | forearm, forebode, forefather, foresee, foretell, forecast, forerun | forehead |
| forth- | forth | OE | forthcoming, forthright | |
| in- | in | OE | insight, inmate, inlet | |
| mis- | miss (n. and v. in the sense of "failing to do smth.") | OE | miscarry, misbelieve, misbehave, misdeed, miscall | mistake |
| off- | off | OE | offal, offspring, offshoot | |
| on- | on | OE | onset, onslaught | |
| out- | out | OE | outlet, outcast, outside (forms verbs with the meaning of "exceeding", "excelling", "surpassing"): outract, outdare, outsleep, outwalk | |
| over- | over | OE | overtake, overturn, overlook, overflow, overcoat, overall | |
| under- | under | OE | undergrowth, underbred, underlet, undertake, undernourish, underfed | understand |
| up- | up | OE | upshot, upstairs, uplift | |
| with- | with | OE | withstand, withdraw |
1.1.2. Prefixes of Romanic Origin
| Prefix | Meaning or function | Examples | |||
| I | II | ||||
| ab- | Signifies "from", "away", separation, or departure. | Abnormal | abuse, absent, abstain | ||
| ad- | Expresses adherence or addition, proximity, or merely intensification. | admixture, admix | |||
| ante-, anti- | Denotes "preceding", "in front of" or "prior to". | antechamber | anticipate | ||
| bis-, bi-, bin- | Means "twice", "two". | bicarbonate, bicentenary | bicycle, biscuit, binocular | ||
| circum-, circu- | Adverbially signifies "around", "about", "on all sides". | Circumfuse,circumrotation, circumstance, circuit | |||
| con-, co- | 1. Means "with", "together". | confraternity,confrontation, configuration, cooperate, cotidal, cosignatory | condition, conduct | ||
| 2. Corresponds to the Russian co. | correlative (соотносительный) | ||||
| contra-, counter- | Means "against", "contrary", "in opposition". | contradistinction, conradistinguish, counterrevolutionary, counterattack | contradict, countermand | ||
| de- The prefix de- has sometimes a meaning opposite to the meaning of a(d)-, e. g. descend - ascend, or of in-, en-, e. g. decrease — increase, decamp — encamp, etc. | Means: 1)"down"; | descend, degrade, decrease, depose | |||
| 2) separation. | depart, decamp, deduce, deduct | ||||
| Signifies reversing or undoing of an action. | demerit, deodorize, demobilize | deplete | |||
| dis- | Denotes: 1) separation or parting from; 2) reversal, undoing, negation or depriving. | dismember, disown, disunion, disaffection | distract, disperse, dismiss, disease | ||
| duo- | Means "two". | duodecimal | duodenum | ||
| ex- | Denotes: 1) "formerly but not now"; 2) "out of"; 3) "beyond". | ex-minister, ex-king, ex-president; export, exhale; exceed | express | ||
| extra- | Forms adjectives denoting "beyond", "outside of", "outside the scope of". | extraordinary, extraspecial (edition), extracerebral, extra-nuclear, extra-parental | extravagant | ||
| in- | Means "not", "non-", "un-". | infirm, incapable, inactive, inaccurate, inability | |||
| il- | An assimilated form of in- ("not") and of in- ("in"). | illiterate, illogical, illumine | illicit, illegible, illegitimate | ||
| ir- | An assimilated form of in-. | irrational, irregular, irresponsive, irrespective, irresolute | irrigate, irruption | ||
| en- (em-is used before b, p, or m) | Signifies "in", "into"; forms verbs; sometimes the prefix adds a mere intensive force. | enclose, enact, encircle, enlarge, enliven, embank | enchant, employ, embargo | ||
| inter- | Means "together", "between", "among". | interlace, interglow, interjacent, international | |||
| intro- | Signifies "to", "into", "within", "inward". | introduce, introspection, introversion | |||
| mis- | Means "amiss", "wrong", "ill", "wrongly". | misadventure, mischance | mischief, miscreant | ||
| non- | Means "not", "un-", "in-". | nondescript, non-party, non-stop (flight) | nonsense | ||
| op- | Means "against". | oppress, opposition | |||
| per- | Signifies: 1) "throughout" (in space or time); 2) "away", or "over"; 3) "completely", "thoroughly", "perfectly". | perspicuous, perennial, persuade, perturb, perfect | |||
| post- | Means "after", "subsequent", "later". | postdate, postwar | postpone, postscript | ||
| pre- | Denotes priority. | prearrange, preallotment, pre-war, pre-revolutionary | prepare, predict | ||
| re- | Means: 1) "again"; | reread, rewrite, renew, recollect, reform, recreate | |||
| 2) "back". | restore, retrace, return, retreat | ||||
| retro- | Means "back", "backward". | retroversion, retroaction, retrogradation | retrospective | ||
| sub- | Signifies: 1) "under", "below", "beneath"; | subcellar, subterranean, submarine, subcutaneous, subdivision | |||
| 2) "next lower than", "subordinate to", "inferior in rank". | subjudge, subcommittee, subdeputy, subdivision, subdean, subeditor | submit | |||
| super- | Signifies "above", "over". | supernatural, superdread | superlative, superman, | ||
| trans- | Means "over", "through", "across", "beyond". | Trans-Atlantic, transcontinental, transplant | transmit, transfer | ||
| ultra- | Means "beyond", "excessively", "exceedingly", "beyond what", "uncommon". | ultrramarine, ultramodern, ultraradical, ultraliberal, ultraviolet | |||
| vice- (vis-) | Means "instead of", "in place of" (cf. the Russian вице-) | vice-president, viscount, vice-governor | |||
1.1.3. Prefixes of Germanic Origin
| Prefix | Meaning or function | Examples | |
| I | II | ||
| a-, an- | 1. In OE "a" (meaning "of"). | arise | |
| 2. In OE "of" (orig. meaning "off"). | adown | ||
| 3. In OE "and-". | answer | ||
| 4. In OE "ge-". | aware, afford | ||
| 5. In OE "on-". | awaken, ashamed | ||
| be- | OE — be. In Mod. E. forms: 1) verbs with a reinforcing sense of "about" or "over", or with a meaning of "all around", "all over"; | beclasp, bedash, bescreen, bewrap | |
| 2) transitive verbs with the force of "to affect" or "by means of"; | bedew, beflag, begem | ||
| 3) verbs with the sense of "thoroughly", "completely", "violently", "repeatedly"; | bedazzle, bemuddle, besmear | ||
| 4) verbs with the sense of "away", "from"; | bereave | ||
| 5) transitive verbs implying action done for, to, at, by, over, against; | becrawl, begroan, beleap | ||
| 6) verbs (from adjectives or nouns) with the force of "to make" or "to cause to be"; | becripple, befool | ||
| 7) verbs with the sense of "to name". | bebrother, belady | ||
| for- | Used with verbs to indicate prohibition, exclusion, failure, neglect. | forsay | |
| May also be used with intensive force denoting "completely", "overwhelmingly". | forbruise, forride | ||
| un- | 1. Signifies "not". | unwilling, unbearable, unable | |
| 2. Shows the reversal of an action. | tie — untie, bind — unbind, do — undo |
1.1.4. Prefixes of Greek Origin
| Prefix | Meaning or function | Examples | |
| I | II | ||
| a- | Means "not", "un-", "non-". | Atheist, atheism | apathy, anonymous |
| amphi- | Signifies "about", "on both sides", "of both kinds". | amphitheatre | amphibious |
| anti-, ant- | Signifies "opposite", "against", "instead". | antitype, antithesis, antiaircraft,antarctic | |
| dis-, di- | Means "twice", "double". | dissyllable | diphthong |
| poly- | Means "many" or "much". | polysyllable, polytheist | polyglot |
2. Suffixes
2.1. Noun Suffixes of Germanic Origin
Table A
(In Table A those suffixes are included which were used in OE both as independent words and suffixes)
| Suffix | Source | Function | Examples | |
| I | II | |||
| -dom | OE — dom-"judgement"; Mod. E. -dom | Forms nouns with the meaning: 1) "dignity", "office", "dominion", "realm" or "jurisdiction"; | kingdom, dukedom, earldom, martyrdom, squiredom, Christiandom | |
| 2) "state", "condition", or "fact of being". | freedom, wisdom, boredom | |||
| -hood | OE — had-"slate", "degree" | Noun-forming suffix denoting in general state, condition, quality, character. | manhood, boyhood, childhood, motherhood | |
| -ship | OE — scipe "shape" | Denotes: 1) state, condition or quality; 2) office, dignity or profession. | friendship; clerkship, authorship |
Table B
(In Table B those suffixes are included which have always been used as suffixes)
| Suffix | Meaning or function | Examples | |
| I | II | ||
| -en | Means "to make", "to render". | quicken, whiten | |
| -er | Forms: 1) nouns from verbs denoting the agent; | rider, miner, worker, teacher | |
| 2) nouns from nouns or adjectives of place, denoting resident of, one living in; | Londoner, islander, New Zealander | ||
| -er | 3) nouns from nouns, with the sense of "one who has to do with", esp. as a matter of trade, profession, etc. | tinner, cutter, heater, embosser | |
| -ier, -yer | Noun suffix equivalent to -eer. | gondolier, cashier, grenadier, lawyer | cavalier |
| -ing | Suffix denoting "belonging to", "of the kind", "descended from". | atheling shilling | |
| -ing | Forms nouns from verbs. It means: I) "act", "fact", "art of doing"; | reading, learning, feeling, teaching, hearing, boating | |
| 2) "that which does" or "that which results from", "accompanies". | covering, sweepings, mooring | ||
| -ling | Conveys a diminutive or a depreciatory force. | firstling, duckling, seedling, nestling, hireling, underling, princeling | |
| -ness | Forms nouns denoting state, condition, quality or degree. | goodness, carelessness, forgiveness, darkness | witness, wilderness |
| -ster | Originally denoted the female agent. In Mod. E. the suffix is joined to nouns and, more rarely, to adjectives, the notion of agency tending to be lost, and the suffix often having a depreciatory meaning. | songster, roadster, gangster, oldster, youngster, dabster, rhymester | spinster |
| -th | Forms nouns of state or quality from adjectives. | breadth, length, width, strength | birth |
| -ie, -y | Forms diminutives. | birdie, auntie, laddie, lassie, granny, Billy, aunty, Johnny | |
| -y | Noun suffix denoting result of action. | augury, perjury |
2.2. Noun Suffixes of Romanic Origin
| Suffix | Source | Function | Examples | |
| I | II | |||
| -ade | L -ata; F. -ade | Forms nouns indicating: an action done, or the product of an action or process on raw material | colonnade, blockade, lemonade | brigade |
| -age | L. -aticum; OE -age | Suffix used to form nouns denoting: 1) act or process; | passage, marriage, pilotage | |
| 2) collection, aggregate, or sum total of things in, or arising from; | postage, average, shrinkage, mileage | |||
| 3) when added to the verbs, it expresses the action; | breakage, leakage | |||
| 4) a person. | hostage | savage | ||
| -an, -ian | L. -anus, -aneus | Forms primarily adjectives which, however, are often used substantively, with the senses of "belonging to", "following a system or doctrine". | guardian, republican, librarian, grammarian | dean |
| Fr. -ain, en | Inhabitant of a place. | Oxonian, Leningradian | ||
| -ence, -ance | L -antiam, -entiam; F. -ance | Forms nouns of action as in OE, and nouns indicating state or quality as in L. | guidance, hindrance, arrogance, obedience | |
| -ancy, -ency | L. -antia | Forms nouns denoting quality or state. | brilliancy, vacancy, emergency, constituency | |
| -ant, -ent | L. -antem, -entem; | Suffix used to form: 1) adjectives; | errant, defiant | |
| F. - ant | 2) nouns denoting a person or thing acting as an agent. | student, claimant | merchant, pedant,servant | |
| -ar | L. -aris, -are | Signifies "belonging to", "pertaining to", "like", "of the nature of". | nuclear, consular | |
| -ard, -art | Low. L. -ardus; OE -ard, -art | Forms derivative nouns which have an intensive, often contemptuous force. | drunkard, braggart | coward |
| -er | OE -ier | Forms nouns denoting a person or thing connected with. | archer, practitioner, officer, carpenter, grocer | butler |
| -eer, -o(u)r | L. -or; Anglo-French -our | Denotes agency. | charioteer, cannoneer | |
| Denotes state or quality. | fervo(u)r, error | |||
| -ate, -at | L. -attim, -ate | Forms nouns denoting chemical terms. | chlorate, hydrate, nitrate | |
| Denotes function or person. | mandate, legate, consulate, magistrate, advocate, diplomat | Magnate, curate | ||
| -cy | L. -cia, -tia | Forms nouns indicating state, condition, office. | idiocy, bankruptcy, diplomacy | curacy |
| ее, -eу, -у | L. -atus, -ata; F. -e, -ее | Denotes the object of an action, the one to whom an action is done or on whom a right is conferred. | devotee, absentee, refugee, grandee, trustee, assignee, grantee | clergy, jury, bailee, attorney, ally |
| -ess | L. -issa; F. -esse | Forms feminine derivatives. | poetess, lioness, countess, goddess, adventuress, murderess | |
| -let | F. l.+et | Forms nouns with a diminutive sense. | leaflet, brooklet, cloudlet, booklet | hamlet |
| -ice | L. -itius, -itia, -itium; F. -ice | Denotes act, quality, condition. | service, justice | |
| -ine, -in | L. -inus, -ina; F. -ine | Forms nouns indicating imitations, derivative products. | arsine, chlorine | bulletin |
| -ion | L. -ionem; F. -ion | Forms abstract nouns. | union, opinion session, legion | |
| -ive | L. -ivus | Signifies: 1) having a nature or quality of (a thing); | affirmative | |
| 2) given or tending to. | conclusive | |||
| -ence | L. -entia | Forms abstract nouns signifying action, state, quality or degree. | existence | |
| -ment | L. -mentum; F. -ment | Forms nouns chiefly from verbs and means: 1) state, quality or condition; | amazement | |
| 2) action; | abridgement | |||
| 3) process, continuance, manner. | government, concealment, payment, judgement, development | |||
| -топу | L. -monium; F. -monie | Suffix in nouns denoting resulting thing or abstract condition. | ceremony | testimony, patrimony, matrimony |
| -or | L. -or | Agent or person. | actor, warrior, professor | doctor, emperor |
| -our, -eur, -eer | L. -ator; Anglo-French -our | Forms nouns indicating: 1) agent or person; | Engineer | amateur, pioneer |
| 2) quality or state. | grandeur, behaviour, hauteur | favour | ||
| -ory | L. -orius; F. -oire | Forms nouns denoting: 1) agent or person; 2) place. | signatory, dormitory | |
| -ry, -ery | F. -rie, -erie | Forms nouns denoting a general collective sense, a state or condition. | machinery, slavery, trickery, husbandry, poetry | fairy |
| -tion | F. -tion | Forms nouns from verbs and denotes action, state, and concrete instance or result. | revolution, resolution, organization | dictation |
| -tude | L. -tudo; F. -tude | Forms nouns and is equivalent to -ness. | longitude, promptitude | attitude, fortitude, magnitude, gratitude |
| -ty | L. -tas, -itas; F. -te | Forms abstract nouns of quality, state, condition. | fraternity, liberty, cruelty, poverty, frailty | |
| -ure | L. -ura; F. -ure | Forms nouns indicating act, process, being; or result (of an act), state; rank. | culture, furniture, picture, seizure, (public) figure |
2.3. Noun Suffixes of Greek Origin
| Suffix | Source | Function | Examples | |
| I | II | |||
| -asm | Gk. -asm | Forms abstract nouns. | enthusiasm | |
| -ast | Gk. -aster | Forms agent nouns denoting "one who does or makes the practice of", "one who adheres to". | enthusiast, gymnast | |
| -ic, -ics | Gk. -ik, -os; L. -ic, -us; F. -ique | Forms adjectives with the senses "after the manner of", "of the nature of", "pertaining to"; | cynic, sceptic, cleric | |
| "art or science". | phonetics, mathematics, physics | logic, music | ||
| -ine | Gk. -ine; F. -ine | Forms feminine names. | heroine | |
| -ism | Gk. -ismos, L. -ismus | Forms nouns of action naming the process, the completed action, or its result; forms the name of a system or theory or practice, etc. | communism, socialism, atheism, Marxism, Leninism | |
| -ist | Gk. -istes, -ite; L. -ista | Forms nouns denoting a person who practices some method or art or who adheres to, or advocates a given doctrine, system, cause. | communist, socialist, dramatist | artist |
| -ite | L. -ita | Forms adjectives and nouns with the senses "connected with" or "belonging to", "a native or citizen of", | Muscovite | |
| "one of a party", "sympathizer", "follower". | Leninite | |||
| -oid | Gk. -o, -eides | Means "like", "in the form of". | Metalloid, anthropoid | |
| -y | Gk. -ia | Forms abstract nouns. | academy | |
| -ia | L. -ia | Forms nouns, chiefly Modern Latin terms of pathology and botany. | Dyspepsia, hydrophobic |
2.4. Adjective Suffixes of Germanic Origin
| Suffix | Source | Function | Examples | |
| I | II | |||
| -fold | OE -feald | Used with numerals to form adjectives and adverbs, denoting multiplication or increase in a geometrical ratio, the doubling, tripling, etc. | twofold, threefold, fourfold, manifold | |
| -ful | OE -ful | Denotes "full of", "abounding in". | Thankful, hopeful, powerful, dreadful | |
| -less | OE -leas | Denotes (with nouns) "without", "destitute of", "not having", "free from". | thankless, hopeless, powerless, senseless, worthless | |
| -ish | Germanic -isc | Means: 1) similar to; | greyish, reddish, whitish, foolish | |
| 2) adds a depreciatory colouring. | childish, womanish, girlish | |||
| -like | OE -lie | Means "like that" (or "those of"); "having the characteristic of". | businesslike, warlike, tigerlike (ferocity), lifelike | |
| -ly | Germanic -lie | Means: 1) "like in appearance, manner or nature", "characteristic of"; | womanly, manly | |
| 2) "rather"; | cleanly, sickly, poorly, weakly | |||
| 3) "every". | weekly, daily, monthly | |||
| -some | OE -sum | Means "similar to" or "almost the same as". | troublesome, irksome, tiresome | handsome |
| -ward | OE -weard | Denotes direction or course. | downward, wayward, sideward | |
| -y | 0E -ig | Means "characterized by", "having", "full of". | mighty, crafty, angry |
2.5. Adjective Suffixes of Romanic Origin
| Suffix | Source | Function | Examples | |
| I | II | |||
| -able | F. -able; L. -abilem | Forms adjectives from verbs. | eatable, fashionable, manageable, saleable | |
| -al | L. -alis F. -al, -el | Forms adjectives having the senses "of the kind of", "pertaining to". | comical, dramatical, poetical, logical | - |
| -an, -ean | L. -anus; F. -ain, -en | Means "belonging or pertaining to". | Roman, European, Pythagorean | |
| -ату | L. -aris; F. -aire | Forms adjectives with the senses "pertaining to", "of the kind or nature of". | necessary contrary, ordinary | |
| -ese | L. -ensis; F. -eis | Signifies "of", "pertaining to", or "originating in" (a certain place or country), | Japanese, Chinese | |
| -esque | It. -esco | Denotes "in the manner or style of", "like". | picturesque | arabesque grotesque |
| -ic | L. -icus | Signifies "of", "pertaining to", "of the nature of", "belonging to". | Celtic, domestic | |
| -ine | L. -inus; F. -ine | Forms adjectives with the senses "of", "like", "pertaining to", "characterized by". | infantine | |
| -ive | L. -iv, -us; F.-if | Forms adjectives with the senses "having a tendency to", "having the nature, character or quality of", or "given to some action", etc. | talkative | native |
| -ous | L. -os, -us, -a, -um | Forms adjectives denoting "characterized by", "of the nature of", "abounding in", "full of". | glorious, perilous, joyous, piteous, virtuous | obvious, serious, vicious |
2.6. Verb Suffixes
| Suffix | Source | Function | Examples | |
| I | II | |||
| -en | OE -en | Has the sense of "to make", "to make into" or "to make like". | brighten, blacken, lengthen, darken | |
| -ate | L. -atus | Forms causative verbs. | agitate, graduate, vaccinate | aggravate |
| -fy | L. -ficare; F. -fier | Forms verbs with the senses "to make", "to produce", "to bring to a certain state", "to make a specified thing", etc. | terrify, magnify, intensify | |
| -ize, -ise | Gk. -iz; L. -izare | Forms verbs denoting "to make", "to conform to", "to charge", etc. | organize, generalize, apologize |
2.7. Adverb Suffixes
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