Fl at solicitor (barrister) behind luggage pub banknote hoarding chap biscuit chips

Concerning morphological peculiarities, AmE has always shown a marked tendency to use nouns as verbs. Examples are to corner, to interview, to feature, to profi le, to pressure, to service, to vacuum. Other essential feature is nouned phrasal verbs, e.g., lose out, pick up, set up, trade in. Productive is also back-formation, e.g.: curation → to curate, donation → to donate, location → to locate, and compounding, e.g.: brainstorm, fl atlands, foolproof, hitchhike, overview (juxtaposition); down-and-out, free-for-all, non-profi t, readyto-wear (hyphenated). Noun productive suffi xes are -cian, -ee, -ery, -ster, e.g.: beautician, retiree, bakery, gangster. Americanisms are also formed by alteration of existing words, e.g.: buddy, pesky, phony, skeeter, sashay, sundae, etc. AmE generally prefers the singular for collective nouns, e.g.: the government is considering, where British has the government are considering. Also where a verb has both regular and irregular forms, in AmE preference is given to a regular one, in British – to irregular, e.g.: spell – spelled, Am; spell – spelt, Br. Among syntactical constructions that arose in the USA are: D + of (with dates and time) – back of, outside of; using of gotten (as PII of get), subjunctive without should or ought to, e.g.: The City Attorney suggested that the case not be closed. Nevertheless the Canadian English has many similarities with the AmE and BrE, it forms its own regional variant. The term Canadian English is fi rst attested in the speech by the Reverend A. Constable Geikie in 1857. Canadian English is the product of four waves of immigration over the period of two centuries. The fi rst wave was the infl ux of Loyalists from the Mid-Atlantic States of America. The second wave from Britain and Ireland was encouraged to settle in Canada after the War of 1812 by the governors of Canada. Waves of immigration from around the globe peaking in 1910 and 1960 had a lesser infl uence, but they did make Canada a multicultural country. The languages of aboriginal people in Canada started to infl uence English used in this country since the fi rst settlements, and the French of Lower Canada provided vocabulary to the English of Upper Canada. There are approximately two thousand words and expressions that are native to Canada, or which have a meaning peculiar or characteristic. The latter are referred to as Canadianisms. A good deal of Canadianisms as well as Americanisms were founded out of necessity. They describe things, objects, phenomena, institutions, modern realities which are unknown to the British or American community. They are reminiscent of the early days of settlement of American Loyalists and British comers. Thus, many Canadianisms are words coined or borrowed to identify features of the new landscape: chutes, saults (of the rivers), muskeg (of the hintherland), buttes, parklands (of the prairies), bluffs, islands (of the trees); cat spruse, Douglas fi r, Labrador tea, kinnikinnick, Manitoba maple, Pembina berry, saskatoon, soapalallie, Sitka spruce, tamarack; cabri, caribou (animals), Canada goose, fool hen, siwash duck, turkey vulture, whiskey jack (birds), Massassauga rattler, pecan, siffl eur, (reptiles), cisco, inconnu, kokanee, maskinonge, kokanee, oolichan, ouananiche, tuladi, wendigo (fi sh); acclamation, endorsation, M.P.P. (political institutions); and also blue line, bush pilot, cat train, chuck wagon, deke, faceoff, grid road, hydro, loonie, mountie, remittance man, suitcase farmer, timbits, toonie. There is some difference in nomination of the same things by different words or words combinations in Canadian and AmE.

Among them there are:

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