Text II. "I am watchman at Miller's furniture factory." "Um," said the Court, feeling that Sebastian's attitude remained sullen and contentious

Text I.

"I am watchman at Miller's furniture factory." "Um," said the Court, feeling that Sebastian's attitude remained sullen and contentious. "Well, this young man might be let off on the coal-stealing charge, but he seems to be somewhat too free with his fists. Columbus is altogether too rich in that sort of thing. Ten dollars." "If you please," began Gerhardt, but the court officer was already pushing him

away. "I don't want to hear any more about it," said the judge. "He's stubborn, anyhow. What's the next case?" Gerhardt made his way over to his boy, abashed and yet very glad it was no worse. Somehow, he thought, he could raise the money. Sebastian looked at him" solicitously as he came forward.

"It's all right," said Bass soothingly. "He didn't give me half a chance to say anything." "I'm only glad it wasn't more," said Gerhardt nervously. "We will try and get the money."

(Dreiser Th. Jennie Gerhardt. –M., 1972.)

Text II.

“The air is filled," said Mr. Murphy, "with the weeping and screaming of millionaires."

"No doubt they are being fearfully abused," said Mr. O'Brien. "They object to the relief that is being paid to the poor people."" ‘Tis a cruel governmen11hat will oppress the rich by feeding the unemployed, Murphy." "My heart aches for them, O'Brien. There are 11 million men unemployed and 23 million men, women and children dependent on relief. Yet all I read in the papers is the suffering of millionaires."

"No one suffers so loudly as a millionaire, Murphy." "They are very sensitive people indeed." "You know, Murphy, relief has always seemed to me like providing a chair in

which the unemployed can sit down and wait for the depression to be over…

(The Book of American Humor. 20th Century. –M., 1984.)

Рекомендуемая литература:

1. Arnold I.V. The English Word/I.V. Arnold. – M.: 1986. – p. 252-260.

2. Амосова Н.Н. Этимологические основы словарного состава современного английского языка/Н.Н. Амосова. – М.: 1956. – 220с.

СЕМИНАР ПО ТЕМЕ: Словообразование в современном английском языке.

Роль словообразовательных процессов в пополнении словарного состава английского языка. Основные функции словообразования. Продуктивные и непродуктивные способы словообразования.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Задание 1.

Выпишите слова, образованные путем аффиксации. Какие аффиксы являются продуктивные, а какие – нет? Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Willie was invited to a party, where refreshmentswere bountifully served.

“Won’t you have something more, Willie?” the hostess said.

“No, thank you,” replied Willie, with an expressionof great satisfaction. “I’m full.”“Well, then,” smiled the hostess, “put some delicious fruit and cakes in your pocket to eat on the way home.”“No, thank you,” came the rather startling response of Willie, “they’re full too.”

2. Patient: Do you extract teeth painlessly?

Dentist: Not always – the other day I nearly dislocated my wrist.

3. The inspectorwas paying a hurried visit to a slightly overcrowded school.

“Any abnormal children in your class?” he inquired of one harassed-looking teacher. “Yes,” she replied, with knitted brow, “two of them have good manners.”

Задание 2.

Переведите следующие слова на русский язык и определите значение, которые придают префиксы образованным с их помощью словам:

Reddish, adj; overwrite, v; irregular, adj; illegal, adj; old-womanish, adj; unladylike, adj; eatable, adj; overdress, v; snobbish, adj; tallish, adj; sandy, adj.

Задание 3.

Определите случаи конверсии в следующих предложениях. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. The clerk was eyeing him expectantly.

2. An aggressive man battled his way to Stout’s side.

3. Ten minutes later I was speeding along in the direction of Cape Town.

4. “A man could be happy in a house like this if he didn’t have to poison his days with work,” said Jimmy.

5. In football, the heroes of today are the has-been of tomorrow.

Задание 4.

Переведите следующие предложения, принимая во внимание конверсию:

1. a) “You’ve got a funny nose,” he added. b) He began to nose about. He pulled out drawer after drawer, pottering round like an old bloodhound.

2. a) It so happened that the night before I had been present at a rather cheery little supper. b) So the next night I took him along to supper with me.

3. a) Buck seized Thorton’s hand in his teeth. b) The desk clerk handed me the key.

4. Use the big hammer for those nails and hammer them in well.

Задание 5.

Найдите сокращения в следующих примерах и определите их способ образования:

1. Brown: But, Doc, I got bad eyes! - Doctor: Don’t worry. We’ll put you up front. You won’t miss a thing.

2. “Excuse me, but I’m in a hurry! You’ve had that phone 20 minutes and not said a word!” “Sir, I’m talking to my wife.”

3. Any pro will tell you that the worst thing possible is to overrehearse.

4. He went out by underground to Portland Road station, whence he took a cab and drove to the Zoo.

5. I came down here, and put up at a pub just outside Kerrith.

6. Let’s watch the ‘head’; he might be a kleptomaniac, or whatever they call it. I’d like to tec the ‘head’.

Задание 6.

Определите каким способом словообразования были образованы следующие слова: A mike, to baby-sit, to buzz, a torchlight, homelike, theatrical, to book, unreasonable, SALT, a pub, eatable, a make, thinnish, a go, M.P., earthquake, a find, H-bomb.

Задание 7.

В следующих словах выделите суффиксы лица, предмета, абстрактных существительных, прилагательных, глаголов, наречий:

a) freedom, slowly, comforter, astonishment, gardener, princess, reddish, richness, admiration, girlish, engineer, glassful, childhood, grateful, navigation, growth, threaten, steamer, mouthful, accuser, stenographer;

b) Likelihood, breadth, fighter, faithless, philosopher, understandable, profiteer, foundling, womanish, trickster, development, Chinese, geographer, auntie, westward, leaflet, sympathize, realism, manhood, resemblance, authorship, auctioneer, biographer.

Задание 8.

Переведите следующие слова на русский язык и определите значение, которые придают префиксы образованным с их помощью словам:

a) dishearten, antifascist, rebuild, dissatisfied, produce, enslave, enrich, repeat, international, encircle, obedient, reaction, distinguish, respect, rewrite, endanger, encourage, introduce, recount, co-existence;

b) Prescribe, preoccupation, readjustment, submarine, recite, intercede, disagreement, transform, interchange, disobey, precede, report, forbid, research, reduce, counterattack, rejoin, enlarge, belittle, mistake, misunderstanding.

Задание 9.

В следующих предложениях встречаются глаголы, образованные путем конверсии; определите с какими однокоренными прилагательными или существительными они соотносятся; переведите глагол и исходное слово.

1. After tea I asked the permission to go and post the letter.

2. Two great streets cross and divide the city into four quarters.

3. You may remember that I lectured in Newark not long ago for the young gentlemen.

4. I’ve told you forty times not to touch jam or I would whip you.

5. She might come and room with her.

6. This club was housed comfortably on Twelfth Street near Fifth Avenue.

7. They valued their lives.

Задание 10.

Образуйте глаголы от следующих существительных и прилагательных с помощью конверсии: dress, hound, hand, man, tidy, nose, toy, room, star, dry, slice, floor, park, fish, trap, telegraph, buttonhole, week-end, grey, wireless, snake, stomach, tiptoe, steady.

Рекомендуемая литература:

1. Arnold I.V. The English Word/I.V. Arnold. – M.: 1986. – p. 77-106.

2. Каращук П. М. Словообразование английского языка. – М.: Высшая школа. 1977 – 314 с.

3. Кубрякова Е.С. Типы языковых значений. Семантика производного слова/Е.С. Кубрякова. – М.: 1981. – 200с.

4. Мешков О.Д. Словосложение в современном английском языке. - М.: Высшая школа, 1985. – 187с.

СЕМИНАР ПО ТЕМЕ: Основные проблемы семантики и семасиологии.

Определение и предмет исследования семантики. История изучения семантики и семасиологии. Определение значения. Типология значений в современном науке. Изменение значения слова. Типы изменения значения.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Задание 1.

Компьютер печатает именно то, что слышит. Но, иногда он совершает ошибки, найдите их:

1. I can pose music for TV programmes.

2. The office has changed into civilian clothes.

3. Did you see the way to go? He was at the next table a minute ago.

4. Spy does are not really insects you know.

5. Coke and Pepsi arrival companies.

What problem of linguistics can these examples illustrate?

Задание 2.

Прокомментируйте изменение значения в следующих словах:

Nice, sad, silly, bench, boor, busy, lord, lady, queen, fond, steward, caitiff, fellow, clown, knave, gossip, Tory, rascal, Chamberlain.

Задание 3.

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значения глагола «TO MAKE»:

1. You’re making a big mistake, Mrs.Grey.

2. I always make a cup of tea last thing. She drinks it in bed...

3. It made me feel worse than ever.

4. They were made for each other.

5. “I’m not going to make any speech,” the Boss said.

6. Clutterbuck’s father makes all the beer round here.

7. “And flags, Diana. There should be flags left over from last time.” “I made them into dusters,” said Diana...

8. The clerk makes for the door, whistling the latest popular love ballad.

Задание 4.

Найдите метафору в следующих словосочетаниях. Составьте с ними предложения:

1. a green bush, a green man, a green apple; green with envy; 2. seeds of a plant; seeds of evil. 3. a fruitful tree; fruitful work.4. a fruitless tree; a fruitless effort. 5. a blooming rose; blooming health.

Задание 5.

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значения глагола «TO GET»:

1. You can always get money.

2. How did you get into my apartment?

3. “So he sat down there and wrote me a letter of recommendation... I’ve got it still.”

4. “I’ve got to help the gardeners...”

5. All this was a great deal easier than Paul had expected; it didn’t seem so very hard to get on with the boys, after all.

6. “Is it quite easy to get another job after – after you’ve been in the soup?” asked Paul. “Not at first, it isn’t, but there’re ways”.

Рекомендуемая литература:

1. Антрушина Г.Б. Лексикология английского языка=English lexicology: уч. пособие для студ. высших учебных заведений по педагогическим специальностям/Г.Б. Антрушина, О.В. Афанасьева. – М.: Дрофа, 2006. – 287с.

2. Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка= The English word\И.В. Арнольд. – М.: высшая школа, 1986. – 295с.

3. Кронгауз М.А. Семантика: Учебник для студ. лингв. фак. высш. учеб. заведений.- М., 2005.- 352 с.

4. Лакофф Дж. Когнитивная семантика // Язык и интеллект: пер. с англ. и нем.- М., 1996.- с. 143-184.

5. Никитин М.В. Курс лингвистической семантики.- СПб: «Научный центр проблем диалога», 1997.- 760 с.

СЕМИНАР ПО ТЕМЕ: Семантическая структура словаря: синонимы, антонимы, омонимы.

Макро- и микроструктура словаря. Синонимия и синонимы. Классификация синонимов. Пути возникновения синонимов в языке. Антонимия и антонимы. Типы антонимов. Понятие омонимии и омонима. Типология омонимов.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Задание 1.

Выпишите синонимы, составьте синонимический ряд и объясните разницу в их значении:

1. a) She felt on a sudden a cold chill pass through her limbs and she shivered. b) Her lips trembled so that she could hardly frame the words. c) I was shaking like a leaf when I came here. d) He shuddered with disgust.

2. a) He gave his wrist-watch a glance. b) Tommy gave her a look out of the corner of his eye. c) But her abstract gaze scarcely noticed the blue sea and the crowded shipping in the harbour. d) Let me have just one peep at the letter.

3. a) Bessie gets up and walks towards the window. b) He did nothing from morning till night but wander at random. c) I saw a man strolling along. d) The men sauntered over to the next room.

4. a) I began to meditate upon writer’s life. b) You had better reflect a little. c) The more he thought of it the less he liked the idea. d) I’m sure that a little walk will keep you from breeding.

5. a) There was a fat woman, who gasped when she talked. b) She came in like a ship at full sail, an imposing creature, tall and stout. c) She was twenty-seven perhaps, plump, and in a coarse fashion pretty. d) He was a person of perhaps forty, red-faced, cheerful, thick.

Задание 2.

Переведите следующие слова на английский язык и найдите как можно больше синонимов к ним: просить, глупый, веселый, несчастье, путешествие.

Задание 3.

В приведенном синонимическом ряду выделите синонимическую доминанту:

1. to sparkle, to shimmer, to flash, to shine, to glitter, to gleam, to blaze, to glimmer.

2. to produce, to manufacture, to make, to create, to fabricate.

3. to bellow, to roar, to shout, to yell.

4. to amaze, to astound, to surprise, to astonish.

Задание 4.

Выделите в следующих предложениях омонимы и определите их типы согласно известным вам классификациям:

1. “Mine is a long and a sad tale!” said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing. “It is a long tail, certainly,” said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse’s tail; “but why do you call it sad?”

2. a) My seat was in the middle of a row. b) “I say, you haven’t had a row with Corky, have you?”

3. a) It was nearly December but the California sun made a summer morning of the season. b) On the way home Crane no longer drove like a nervous old maid.

4. a) In Brittany there was once a knight called Eliduc. b) She looked up through the window at the night.

5. a) He had a funny round face. b) – How does your house face? – It faces the South.

6. a) Iron and lead are base metals. b) Where does the road lead?

Задание 5.

Определите тип следующих омонимов (собственно омонимы, омофоны, омографы):

Bail/bale, pupil (ученик)/pupil (зрачок), weight/wait, might/mite, to tear/tear, night/ knight, son/sun, bow (поклон)/bow (лук).

Задание 6.

Выделите в следующих примерах собственно омонимы, омофоны и омографы:

1. to write letters, right answer

2. to lead the party, to use lead and nickel

3. to bow to the king, to use a bow and

arrows

4. sun and moon, his son

5. wind and snow, to wind the clock

6. seal lives in cold regions, you

should seal the letter

7. to pay a fine, a fine place

8. to turn on the light, a light dress

9. a can of meat, he can die

10. he left the room, his left leg

11. a red rose, she rose

12. to lean forward, a lean person

13. a brave knight, a dark night

14. to live by the sea, to see a film

Задание 7.

Выделите в следующих предложениях омонимы и определите их типы согласно известным вам классификациям.

1) The bandage was wound around the wound.

2) The farm was used to produce produce.

3) We must polish the Polish furniture.

4) Since there is no time like the present, he thought it was time to present the present.

5) I didn’t object to the object.

6) They were too close to the door to close it.

7) The wind was too strong to wind the sail.

Задание 8.

Найдите, если возможно, антонимы к следующим словам: temporary, wise, fruitful, to weep, friend, sister, now, sufficient, coal, dull, accept, war, friendly, soul, love, trust, to increase, dexterous, underestimate.

Lexicological analysis of the text from semasiological point of view (cont.):

1. Supply some words in the text with homonyms; speak on their source, type.

2. Define the type and source of synonyms to some words in the text. Pick up the euphemisms.

3. Supply some words with their antonyms, characterize them.

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