Lie, lay, lain / lay, laid, laid

(a.) He _______ the enormous box on the ground and looked for a taxi.

(b.) He _______ there for an hour until someone finally heard his cries for help.

(c.) In this school emphasis is _________ on discipline and hard work.

Some verbs have two past participle forms and there is usually no difference between the two (e.g. learnt/learned, sawed/sawn). However, in a few cases the two forms are used for two different applications of the verb and are not interchangeable. In each sentence below use the correct past participle form of the verb.

Bear, bore, born / borne

(a.) He was ________ in London in 1906.

(b.) The winning team were _________ through the streets on the shoulders of their excited supporters.

(c.) No-one else could have _________ the terrible experiences he went through.

Load, loaded, loaded / laden

(a.) The table was _______ with good things. It was a real feast.

(b.) The ship has now been ________ and is ready to sail.

(c.) The snow- ________ branches were drooping and at breaking point.

Cost, cost, cost / costed, costed

(a.) Accountants and engineers have ________ a new heating system for the factory. The board of directors will consider their estimates and decide whether to go ahead with the scheme.

(b.) Houses have never _______ more than they do today.

(c.) The proposed new road system has been ________ by experts at £73 000 000.

Hang, hung, hung / hanged, hanged

(a.) When you’ve ________________ your coat up, come and sit down.

(b.) Before the abolition of the death penalty, convicted murderers were sometimes _________________.

(c.) The picture has been badly ______________. It should be nearer the light and lower.

Strike, struck, struck / stricken

(a.) Thousands of people have been _________ by this terrible illness.

(b.) I have never ______ anyone in my life.

(c.) Panic- _________, they rushed through the flames to the exits.

EXERCISE 16. Translate the following sentences; make up the synonymic groups. Analyse the synonyms according to their: 1) morphological structure (same roots/different roots); 2) semantic features (ideographic, stylistic, semantico-stylistic). Define the dominant synonym in the group. Analyse the shades of meaning in the synonymic groups.

1)

a) “I’ve got that queer feeling,” he said, “that I used to have as a child, and I haven’t had for years.”

b) Niall watched her eyes. She was not angry, he saw that at once, and he was relieved. Nor was she smiling. She looked tired, rather strange.

c) I haven’t been well for quite a while. I keep getting an odd sort of pain.

d) It seemed to Moor a little quaint that she should refer to the boys as children.

2)

a) Mr Kellada was chatty. He talked of New York and of San Francisco.

b) He was Hearty, jovial, loquacious and argumentative.

c) She was a talkative woman and certainly a gossip.

3)

a) And she began to shake silent laughter because it was so funny.

b) She flung the window wide, and stream of cold air blew down across the room. She shivered, and moved towards the fireplace.

c) Her mouth was quivering and she was on the verge of panic.

d) Felicity was trembling with cold. She got her vest on and began to fumble with her dress.

e) “You had so many photographs about the room in your unregenerate days,” I said vaguely. “It makes me shudder to think of them. I’ve made them into a huge brown-paper parcel and hidden them in an attic.”

4)

a) “It was a horrible evening. I shall never forget it. That awful party at the Greek Park, or whatever the hotel was called”

b) “How are you feeling, my darling?” He said. “Awful,” Maria told him.

c) “It’s queer,” she said, “but I don’t feel this is happening to me at all. This is some other person going through my day. It’s a dreadful feeling. I can’t explain it.”

d) “I feel terrible,” she said. “It started in my tummy, and now it’s gone to my throat.”

e) “Honesty counts for something, doesn’t it?” “One doesn’t know,” said Niall ”That’s a frightful thing.”

f) “Paul had a fearful theory that when we die we go to a theatre, and we sit down and see the whole of our lives re-acted before us.”

g) All was well, Doctor, until three days ago. Then I began to have pains… Something shocking, Doctor.

5)

a) “Wait for me, wait for me,” cried Celia, and hampered by her plump body and her short legs she would inevitably fall.

b) She had neither Maria’s grace nor her beauty, but was a stout heavy little girl with red cheeks and mousy hair.

c) There were policemen everywhere, as thick as tom-cats in a fish market.

d) When Truda’s back was turned she put out her tongue at a fat woman covered with jewels, who was surveying her through a lorgnette.

e) His face was red, a broad, fleshy face, with a large mouth under a stubble of grey moustache.

6)

a) Nothing’s worth while if you don’t fight for it first, if you haven’t a pain in your belly beforehand.

b) My hands and my feet and my tummy got colder and colder through the day.

c) Shut your eyes and listen for the sound but you have to feel it in your feet and your finger-tips too, and in the pit of your stomach.

EXERCISE 17. Single out the denotative and connotative components of meanings of the synonyms in the examples given below.

a) At the little lady’s command they all three smiled.

b) George, on hearing the story, grinned.

a) Forsyte – the best palate in London. The palate that in a sense had made his fortune – the fortunes of the celebrated tea men, Forsyte and Treffry…

b) June, of course, had not seen this, but, though not yet nineteen, she was notorious.

a) Noticing that they were no longer alone, he turned and again began examining the luster.

b) June had gone. James had said he would be lonely.

a) The child was shivering with cold.

b) The man shuddered with disgust.

a) I am surprised at you.

b) He was astonished at the woman’s determination.

a) It’s impolite to stare at people like that.

b) The little boys stood glaring at each other ready to start a fight.

c) The lovers stood gazing into each other’s eyes.

a) They produce great amounts of wine, but this is not all they produce in that part.

b) The story was fabricated from beginning to end.

a) On hearing from Bosinney that his limit of twelve thousand pounds would be exceeded by something like four hundred, he had grown white with anger.

b) “It’s damned shame,” Andrew burst out, forgetting himself in a sudden rush of indignation.

a) He was an aged man, but not yet old.

b) He was an elderly man at the time of his marriage.

EXERCISE 18. From the sentences given below write out the synonyms in groups and classify them into: a) synonyms differentiated by the connotation of duration, b) synonyms differentiated by the connotation of degree or intensity,

c) synonyms differentiated by the causative connotation.

1. He shuddered at the thought of the meeting that lay before him.

2. The whole situation, he tells me, was extraordinary, like that of an African explorer who, endeavouring to ignore one of the local serpents, finds himself exchanging glances with a man-eating tiger.

3. He merely blushed and said that he was jolly well going to go, because this girl was in Cannes.

4. Gosh, how I used to admire you at dear old school. You were my hero.

5. What I really want is a meal.

6. He resents their cold stare.

7. Her voice was trembling with excitement.

8. He made a short speech in French, and the mothers all applauded, and the babies all yelled.

9. The girl was shivering with cold.

10. I must confess I’m little surprised.

11. “A truck driver,” shouted someone from the audience.

12. “You have settled it!” cried the astonished parent.

13. The audience roared with laughter.

14. He was speaking for half an hour or so.

15. His face reddened, he could hardly keep his temper.

16. “I adore you, Mary,” he said.

17. His eyes glittered with malice.

18. She would like to go there herself but couldn’t.

19. His eyes were blazing as he heard how cruelly the children had been treated.

20. I was perfectly amazed that one man, all by himself, should have been able to beat down and capture such battalions of practised fighters.

EXERCISE 19. Do the italicized words possess stylistic connotations? If so, what are their stylistic characteristics?

a) I was a very young man when I first came to London and I made a mistake.

b) I’ve found him very useful. He is a very good chap.

c) I put a very smart lad on the job.

d) He is a very nice fellow.

a) The sister drew back the cloth and displayed four tiny, naked infants.

b) She knew that he had desperately wanted her to bear a child.

c) You ought to have a kid or two.

a) What I really want is a meal.

b) I could do with a snack.

c) Let’s have a bite.

d) They decided to order some refreshment.

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