EXERCISE 7. In the sentences given below identify the cases of “degeneration” and “elevation” of meaning

1. I shook hands with Tom; it seemed silly not to, for I felt suddenly as though I were talking to a child.

2. The little half-starved guy looked more a victim than a villain.

3. King Arthur invented Conferences because he wanted to know what his memorable knights wanted to do next. As they were all jealous knights he had to have the memorable Round Table made to have the Conferences at, so that it was impossible to say which was top knight.

4. I had a nice newsy gossip with Mrs. Needham before you turned up last night.

5. The directors now assembling were admirals and field marshals of commerce. Meanwhile I nodded my head and directed a happy smile in the direction of the two ladies.

EXERCISE 8. Explain the logical associations in the following groups of meanings for the same words. Define the type of transference which has taken place.

The wing of a bird – the wing of a building; the eye of a man – the eye of a needle; green grass – green years; the hand of a child – the hand of a clock; the heart of a man – the heart of the matter; black shoes – black despair; the bridge across the river – the bridge of the nose; the tongue of a person – the tongue of a bell; nickel (metal) – a nickel (coin); the tooth of a boy – the tooth of a comb; Ford (proper name) – a Ford (car); the coat of a girl – the coat of a dog.

EXERCISE 9. Pick up name-words in the following sentences. Arrange the name words in two columns: a) toponyms, b) eponyms.

1. The biro is a ball-point pen named after Laszlo Biro, its Hungarian inventor.

3. Boycott is a refusal to deal with.

3. Braille is the name of a raised writing system used by blind people.

4. Bedlam means chaos. The word comes from the name of a famous London mental hospital.

5. Gypsies were once thought to have come from Egypt.

6. Chauvinism is a strong belief that your country or race is superior to others.

7. Hooligan is a rough, lawless youth.

8. Canter is a movement of a horse, faster than a trot but slower than a gallop.

9. The word “pander” means to indulge someone’s desires.

10. The saxophone is a musical instrument invented by the Belgian, Adolphe Sax.

11. The room was spartan – hardwood floors, a pine dresser, a canvas mat in the corner that served as his bed.

EXERCISE 10. Arrange the name words in two columns: a) toponyms,

b) eponyms.

Mentor, pamphlet, angora, denim, satin, watt, bowler, cashmere, cardigan, gauze, suede, stetson, wellingtons, sandwich, damask, mackintosh, muslin, tweed, champagne.

EXERCISE 11. The following places in London are associated with certain important institutions and are often used to refer to those institutions. Put each one in its correct place in the sentences below.

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