Phraseological units in English

Phr-cal units are comparatively stable and semantically inseparable. The essential features of phr-cal units are stability of the lexical components and lack of motivation.

Phr-cal units, or idioms, are described in numerous Eng dict-ries (The Oxford dictionary of idioms, the Collin’s, the Longman dict of Idioms).

Researching to idioms has shown that they have important roles in writing and spoken E. They can appear in informal speech and formal style.

Phr-cal units referred to lg universals (affixation, compounding), because every lg has phrases, word groups that are ready-made, stable and idiomatic. It means that they are not created in speech, but are introduced as fixed or set expressions. Their meaning cannot be deduced from the literal meaning of the constituent parts (“a snake in the grass” – hidden danger).

Features that characterize the Phr-cal units:

1. they are ready-made

2. stable in structure

3. idiomatic or transferred meaning

4. colorful expressive

5. stylistically marked.

Ways of understanding:

1. narrow

2. wide

Problems of studying phr-cal units:

1. the problem of the adequate term and its definition,

2. the problem of the lg material, which is referred to domain of phraseology,

3. the problem of the classification of the lg material.

Idiom – an expression unique to a lg, esp one whose sense are not predictable from the meaning of arrangement of its element.

Fixed/ set expression – stability of lexical components and gram structure.

Collocation (by Crystal) – a habitual association between particular words, such as “to and fro”, “white coffee''. They cannot be predicted by the knowledge of the word.

Lexical phrases- Cristal devides them into polywords (by the way, so) and institutionalized expressions (how do you do).

Proverb - short traditional saying of a didactic nature (a stick in time saves nine).

Sayings - concise observation that expresses fock, wisdom.(time flies)

Vinogradov’s classification of phr-cal units:

1 фразеологические сращения (phr-cal fusions); - “to kick the bucket — сыграть в ящик”, “red tape”.

2 фразеологические единства (Phr-cal units) – “an old bird”, “Achilles' heel”;

3 фразеологические сочетания (Phr-cal collocations) – “white coffee”, to take smb for granted, to take advantage of.

Types:

1. one-summit units: at large; be the way; by heart.

2. subordinate and coordinate word groups:

a. substantives – “an old bird”, “hot dog”;

b. adjective – as good as gold, as cool as cucumber.

c. adverbial – at last, as quick as a flesh.

3. structures with an embedded clause (a lexim + a clause). – ships that pass in the night; to see how the land lies.

4. clause idioms (стр-ра придат предлож) – when pigs fly;

5. nominative-communicative: to break the ice, to pass the rabicon.

6. sentence idioms: birds of a feather flock together; if you run after 2 hares you will catch neither.

7. interjectional sentence (эквивалент предлож). – by George, here here, oh God.

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