The three main sources of enriching vocabulary

1) borrowings

2) semantic derivation – an old W take on a new M. hand – of a clock. The M is transferred (either Mtph, or Mtn)

3) The L-ge makes a new W from the elements available in the L-ge – derivation (WBuilding, WFormation).

Derivation – 1) the process of making a new W

2) certain rules governing the choice of methods.

L-ge is reusing Ws (and parts of Ws), it’s conservative & economical. We economize efforts.

70% of Ws are derived. There are very few simple Ws (girl, boy, chair).

New Ws: only 7.5% borrowed. The rest are English Ws (with the help of English means.) a page-turner – a thriller-story, a cliff-hanger …

Hi-jack – sea-jack – car-jack

netiquette, netizen…

The list of new Ws is always open. People keep coining new Ws.

The vocab is dramatically enriched.

swim – swimming – a swim – converting Vs into Ns.

Means of WB:

1. Major (Primary, Patterned):

· Word-derivation (affixation, convertion)

· WComposition (WC J)

2. Minor (Secondary, Non-Patterned):

· Abbreviation (apocope, aphaeresis, syncope, Wclipping at the beg-ng&end)

a) Apocope – a word is shortened at the end

e.g. lab.; sec.; adrert.-ad. –(advertisement); bike

b) Aphaeresis – a word is dropped at the beginning

e.g.car=>moto-car; plane=>airplane; bus=>omnibus

c) Syncope – dropped in the middle

e.g. maths=>mathematics (is); spects=>spectacles (are)

d) had no name – a word was shortened at the beginning and at the end

e.g. influenza=>flue=>flu; detective=>tec; refrigerator => fridge

· BackFormation. (overriding the Laws of L-ge). Usu S -> Pl, but: peas – pea…

· Sound/Stress interchange (‘im’port, food - feed)

· Word-making (artificially) – nylon

WB – the most active&productive way of enriching EngVoc.

WB – the system of derivative types of Ws and the process of creating new Ws from the material available in the L-ge after certain semantic and structural patterns.

8. The complex units of word-building system: word-building cluster, row, category.