The main units of derivational analysis. Derivational patterns

The derivational level of analysis aims at establishing correlations between different types of words, the structural and semantic patterns words are built on, the study also enables one to understand how new words appear in the language.

The nature, type and arrangement of the ICs of the word are known as its derivative structure.

Though the derivative structure of the word is closely connected with its morphemic or morphological structure and often coincides with it, it differs from it in principle.

The basic units of the derivational analysis are:

1)bases

2)affixes

3)patterns

A derivational base - the constituent to which a rule of word-formation is applied. It is the part of the word which establishes connection with the lexical unit that motivates its individual lexical meaning describing the difference between words in one and the same derivative set.

Structurally derivational bases fall into 3 classes:

1) bases that coincide with morphological stems of different degrees of complexity (ex-filmstar);

2) bases that coincide with word-forms (unsmiling, unknown). This base is usually ‘constituted by verbal forms

3) bases that coincide with word-groups of different degrees of stability (blue-eyed, good-for-nothing).

1. Bases of the first class are functionally and semantically distinct from all kinds of stems.

The morphological stem:

- Functionally: the part of the word which is the starting point for its forms

- Semantically: represents all the lexical meanings of a word.

A derivational base

- Functionally: the starting-point for different words

- Semantically: represents only 1 meaning of the source word or its stem.

e.g. The derivatives glassful and glassy are built on different derivational bases.

Glassful is motivated by the derivational base meaning ‘a container used for drinking’ and glassy by the derivational base meaning ‘a transparent solid substance’, though both represent the same morphological stem of the word glass.

2) The second class of DB is made up of word-forms. This class of bases is confined to verbal word-forms – the present and the past participles – which regularly function as ICs of non-simple adjectives, adverbs and nouns

e.g. unknown, dancing-girl

3) The third class of DB is made up of word groups. Free word-groups make up the greater part of this class of bases. Bases of this class allow of a rather limited range of collocability, they are most active with derivational affixes in the class of adjectives and nouns (long-fingered, blue-eyed).

Derivational affixes:

Affixes:

1. derivational

2. functional (serve to convey grammatical meaning)

Lexicology is primarily concerned with DAs.

DA – an IC that is added to a DB and that has lexical and part-of-speech meanings.

FAs can be appended, with a few exceptions, to any element belonging to the part of speech they serve.

With DAs is much more intricate. DAs don’t combine so freely and regularly. DAs are attached to DB in a haphazard and unpredictable way.

e.g. lioness, tigress, but she-wolf, she-elephant, she-bear

e.g. Muscovite, Londoner, Viennese, Athenian

A derivational pattern is a regular meaningful arrangement, a structure that imposes rigid rules on the order and the nature of the derivational bases and affixes that may be brought together to make up a word. A DP is a generalization, a sсheme according to which the type of ICs, their order and arrangement are chosen.

There are two types of DBs:

1. Structural (specify base classes and individual affixes)

2. Structural-semantic (specify semantic peculiarities of bases and the individual mg of the affix).

e.g. gentlemanly vs monthly

Derivational patterns

A derivational pattern is a regular meaningful arrangement, a structure that imposes rigid rules on the order and the nature of the derivational bases and affixes that may be brought together to make up a word. A DP is a generalization, a sheme according to which the type of ICs, their order and arrangement are chosen.

There are two types of DPs:

1. Structural (specify base classes and individual affixes)

2. Structural-semantic (specify semantic peculiarities of bases and the individual mg of the affix).

e.g. gentlemanly vs monthly

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