The OE Period. OE Phonology

I. Word Stress

II. OE Vowels

2.1. The OE Vocalic System

2.2.Assimilative (ассимиляторные) and other combinative (комбинаторные) vowel changes

III. OE Consonants

3.1. The system of OE consonants

3.2. Changes of consonants in certain positions.

1. Angles, Saxons, Jutes, (Frisians)
2. West Saxon
3. Kentish, Mercian, Northumbrian
4. King Egbert, King Alfred the Great
5. <ˊ> – primary stress
6. OE dáʒas (days), ḗāʒe (eye),

swéotole (clearly)

Gth maúrgins (morning)

1. < ̀> – secondary stress
2. OE ʒlǽdlìce (gladly)

OE wýnsừm (joyful, pleasant)

1. < ʒ > = ‘yoʒh’
2. OE mánn-c̀ynn(mankind),

ḗārhrìnʒ (earring),

éorþcræ̀ft (geometry)

1. thorn < Þ / þ >, eth < Ð / ð
2. { ge-/ʒe-, be-, for-} – always unstressed
3. OE mísdǣd (misdeed)

óreald (very old)

ófermōdiʒ (proud)

But: āséttan (to place)

1. The Gothic Vowel System

1. The OE Vowel System

(West Saxon)

16. Wītan “to blame” – witan “to know”

Hīēra “higher” – hiera “their”

Mētan “to meet” – metan “to measure”

1. /y/y:/ as in ModGerm würde
2. /eo:/io:/ dialectal variants
3. /ã=å/ – the nasalized allophone occurring before the nasal sonorants /m/n/, later fused with /a/ or /o/
4. /ie/ie:/ later fused with /y/y:/
5. /a/, /o/, /u/, /e/, /ı/
6. OE tál u (tale),

w i þspréc a n (contradict), túnʒl e r e (astronomer)

Gth skild u s (shield)

1. /t/ in a tth e (partial regressive assimilation)
2. accommodation or harmony of vowels
3. i-umlaut = palatal (front) mutation
4. /i/ or /j/

1. i-umlaut in OE:

· / o/à/e/

*ofstian à OE efstan (to hasten, hurry)

· /o:/à/e:/

Gth wōpjan à OE wēpan (to weep)

OE Sg gōs à Pl gēs ß *gōs iz

· /a/à/e/

Gth harjis à OE here (army – войско); usually /a>æ>e/: Gth satjan à *sætian à OE settan

· /a:/à/æ:/

Gth laisjan à *lārian à OE lǣran (to learn); Gth /aı/ corresponded to OE /a:/

· /u/à/y/

Gth fuljan à OE fyllan (to fill, cf. OE full – полный and OE fyllan – наполнять)

· /u:/à/y:/

*mūs i (Dat Sg)/*mūs iz (Nom, Acc Pl) à OE mӯs (Dat Sg; Nom, Acc Pl);

*ontūnian à ontӯnan (open)

· /eo/à/ie/

OE feor (далеко) à OE āfierran (отдаляться)

· /eo:/à/ie:/

*ʒetrēōwi à OE ʒetrīēwe (true, верный)

· /ea/à/ie/

*ealdira à OE ieldra (comp. degree of eald – old – elder)

· /ea:/à/ie:/

*hēārian à OE hīēran/hӯran (to hear)

28. Back/Velar Mutation:

29. /ı/ à /ıo/, /e/ à /eo/, /a/æ/ à /ea/

30. /a/, /u/, /o/ back vowels

· /i/à/io /

silufr à siolufr (silver)

hī à hiora (Gen)

· /e/à/eo/

hefon à heofon (heaven);

OHG swester à OE sweostor (sister)

· /a/ (/æ/)à/ ea/

saru à searu (armour, доспехи);

WS cæru, caru à cearu (care)

1. Mutation before H [ χ’ ]
2. OE neaht [χ’] à nieht [χ’],

/ıe/ was unstable à niht, nyht; meaht à mieht à miht (might)

1. OE Breaking = OE Fracture:

/a/æ/ à /ea/, /e/ à /eo/

1. OE Breaking:

· /æ/a/à/ea/ before /r/+cons; /l/+cons; /h/+cons; before /h/ in the final position:

*æld à eald (old)

OS hard à OE heard (hard);

OHG kalt à OE ceald (cold)

· /e/à/eo/ before clusters r+cons; lc, lh, h+cons and h in the final position: *herte à heorte (heart)

*feh à feoh (скот, имущество)

OFris lernia à OE leornian

1. / a / and / e / were retained in Anglian:

a ld, æ hte à ModE old, eight

1. Palatalisation/fronting
2. /ɣ’>j/k’/sk’/
3. /æ/ à /ea/; /æ:/ à /ea:/;

/e/ à/ie/; /e:/ à/ie:/

1. OE Palatalisation/fronting:

· /e/à/ie/

Merc sceld à WS scield

*ʒefanàʒiefan (give, /g/ appeared later as the result of the Scandinavian influence)

· /e:/à/ie:/

Kentish gēt à WS ʒīēt(yet)

· /æ/ /à/ea/

*cæster à ceaster (a military camp)

· /æ:/à/ea:/

OHG jâr à WS ʒēār(year)

· /a/ à /ea/

Gth skadus à WS sceadu

OE scamu à WS sceamu (shame)

40. Contraction

41. /h/

· /i/+/a/à/eo:/

*þihan à OE þēōn (to thrive, преуспевать)

· /e/+/a/à/eo:/

*sehan à OE sēōn (to see)

· /a/+/a/à/ea:/

*slahan à OE slēān (to slay)

· /o/+/a/ à /o:/

*fohan à OE fōn (получить, приобрести, to get, receive)

1. / ld / nd / mb / rd / ng /
2. Not all results of this change were phonologised:

· lengthening before / nd / – for close vowels / i: / u: /

bindan à bīndan – to bind

bundon à būndon – bound

· before / mb / – in every case, but there are very few words of this type climban à clīmban – to climb

1. OE ci ldr u (cf. ModE child – children);

OE wa ndr ian (ModE to wander)

OE hu ndr ed (ModE hundred

1. OE gōdspell à godspell (gospel)
2. OE twēntige à twentige (twenty)
3. Metathesis:

OE bride à bird

OE frist à first

OE thridde à third

1. The system of OE consonants

noise consonants

a) plosives

bilabial forelingual mediolingual back lingual

dental palatal velar

/p/ /t/ /k’/ /g:/

b) fricatrives

labiodental forelingual mediolingual back lingual

dental palatal velar

/f:/ /s/ [χ’] [χ]

sonorants

bilabial forelingual mediolingual

dental palatal

/w/ /n/ /j/

1. Geminate – гемината
2. Gemination – геминация
3. / j / in the West Germanic group
4. OIcel sit j a à OE si tt an /t:/

OIcel set j a à OE se tt an /t:/

1. OE si þþ an /θ:/ (since)

OE o ff rian /f:/ (to offer)

1. *dōm j an à OE d ē man
2. /g:’/ = <cʒ/cg> in spelling
3. OE secʒan, brycʒ, ecg = ecʒ
4. The two sets of fricatives in OE:

/f/θ/s/χ-χ’/ vs /v/ð/z/ɣ-ɣ’/

1. Sonority
2. Complementary distribution of allophones
3. OE hlā f /f/ – hlā f ord /v/

weor þ /θ/ (worth) – weor þ an /ð/ (to become)

1. OE hæ s l /z/, hū s /s/, seah /s/, hæ f de /v/
2. hl -, hr -, and cn -(/ kn -/)
3. / h /
4. Compensatory lengthening
5. Ingveone loss of nasals
6. / m / n / were regularly lost before / f / s / þ/:

Gth fi m f, OHG fi n f à OE f ī f (five, Germ fünf)

1. /a/ + a nasal sonorant à /o/:

Gth a n dar à OE ōþer (other)

1. Neutralization:

Lat nox, no ct is / k t/ à OE nie ht, Gth na ht s / h t/

Lat ca pt us / p t/ à OE hæ ft / f t/

1. Assibilation

/k’/ à /t∫/

OE c irice/ c yrce, c ild

/sk’/ à /∫/

OE sc ip, sc ēāp, sc rūd

/g:’/ à /dʒ/

OE bry cʒ

1. Assimilation

Complete: *wi st e à OE wi ss e;

OE wī fm an à wi mm an;

Partial: OE ste fn à ste mn (stem of a tree);

OE e fn à e mn (even, ровный)

TASKS:

READ:

1) Ilyish B.A., § 105, p. 50; Rastorguyeva T.A., § 144, p. 89; p. 144;

MAKE NOTES:

1) Rastorguyeva T.A., pp. 63 –74 (OE written records, alphabet and pronunciation)

2) Rastorguyeva T.A., palatal mutation = i-umlaut, §§ 124–130, pp. 80–83 (examples)

EXERCISES

3) Rastorguyeva T.A., ex. 7–9 p. 49; 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 pp. 90–91. – In writing

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