Test on theoretical phonetics of the English language

I. Chose the correct term for the definition below.

1. A stress and pitch combined

a) accent

b) intonation

c) diaphone

d) melody

2. The syllable in the word which is effected by a change in pitch direction

a) cacuminal

b) accentual nucleus

c) coalescent

d) glottal stop

3. Grammatical rules about the changes in the form of words connected with different modifications of their sound nature

a) accidence

b) accommodation

c) close nexus

d) enclitic

4. Adaptation to different adjacent sounds

a) obstruction

b) assimilation

c) accommodation

d) mutual assimilation

5. The sounds formed during the separation of the articulating organs: in their articulation the complete closure gradually and uninterruptedly opens into a flat-slit narrowing

a) cacuminals

b) labial sounds

c) medial sonants

d) affricates

6. Quantitative variants of a phoneme

a) allophones

b) allochrones

c) combinatory allophones

d) cacuminals

7. Qualitative variants or members of one and the same phoneme, which never occur in identical positions, but are said to be in complementary distribution

a) combinatory allophones

b) allochrones

c) allophones

d) sibilants

8. Variants of a phoneme which appear in speech as a result of assimilation and adaptation or of the specific ways of joining sounds together

a) diaphone

b) allochrones

c) combinatory allophones

d) allophones

9. Allophone of one and the same phoneme, pronounced by different people

a) allophones

b) diaphone

c) combinatory allophones

d) sibilants

10. A slight puff of breath which is heard after the explosion of /p, t, k/ in initial position

a) aspiration

b) dissimilation

c) progressive assimilation

d) assimilation

11. The result of adaptation of one sound to another

a) regressive assimilation

b) reciprocal assimilation

c) progressive assimilation

d) assimilation

12. Bilateral assimilation of two sounds when in the result they give a new sound

a) coalescent

b) lenition

c) elision

d) regressive assimilation

13. Assimilation when one of the two adjacent sounds fully coincides with the other

a) coalescent

b) complete assimilation

c) reciprocal assimilation

d) cacuminal

14. Sounds articulated by the tip and the blade of the tongue raised against the back slope of the teethridge

a) lateral sounds

b) cacuminal

c) sibilants

d) sonorants

15. The sound which is made softer due to additional articulatory work

a) silent letter

b) sonorant

c) clear sound

d) medial sonant

16. A close connection between a short checked vowel and a consonant which follows it

a) obstruction

b) occlusion

c) glide

d) close nexus

17. An articulation of two neighbouring sounds when the first stage of the second sound takes place already during the medial stage of the first sound

a) homogeneity

b) close transition

c) dissimilation

d) complementary distribution

18. An arrangement of allophones of one and the same phoneme, which occurs in different contexts, but in a definite set of them

a) homogeneity

b) complementary distribution

c) close transition

d) free variations

19. The sound which is made harder due to additional articulatory work (the raising of the back part of the tongue to the soft palate (back secondary focus), [w] and [1] "dark" are pronounced with the back secondary focus).

a) dark sound

b) close nexus

c) glottal sound

d) intrusive sound

20. A gradual lowering of the voice pitch

a) intonation

b) neutralization

c) descending scale

d) elision

21. A combination of two letters equivalent to one phoneme

a) free variations

b) digraph

c) positional allophones

d) diphthong

22. A vowel phoneme which consists of two elements: a nucleus and a glide

a) free variations

b) digraph

c) diphthong

d) positional allophones

24. A slight shifting of the organs of speech position within the articulation of one and the same vowel (these organs are mostly — the tongue, the lips and the lower jaw)

a) diphthongization

b) velarization

c) plosion

d) labialization

25.Diphthongized sounds

a) constrictive sonants

b) monophthongized sounds

c) positional allophones

d) diphthongoids

26. A substitution of one sound for another, similar in tamber but different articulatorily.

a) obstruction

b) aspiration

c) dissimilation

d) assimilation

27. Dropping off of a vowel in initial or terminal position

a) elision

b) neutralization

c) plosion

d) obstruction

28. An unstressed word or syllable, which refers to the preceding stressed word or syllable

a) glide

b) enclitic

c) glottal sound

d) lenition

29. Bilateral assimilation, when two assimilating sounds equally influence each other.

a) historical assimilation

b) mutual assimilation

c) reciprocal assimilation

d) coalescent

30. Variants of individual pronunciation — interidiolectal variants.

a) free variations

b) free accentual variants

c) positional allophones

d) diphthongs

31. Intraidiolectal and interidiolectal variations which are spontaneous, unintentional, non-functional, non-distinctive

a) free accentual variants

b) free variations

c) positional allophones

d) diphthongs

32. The type of accent which is characterized by the free accidence of the word accent; in different words of the language different syllables can be stressed — the first, the second, the third.
a) pitch

b) free word accent

c) free accentual variant

d) coalescent

33. That part of a diphthong which constitutes its additional element, the full articulation of which is not accomplished.

a) glide

b) close nexus

c) glottal stop

d) intrusive sound

34. When the glottis is narrowed during exhalation, the air, passing out of the mouth cavity, produces an /h/ like sound

a) glottal sound

b) enclitic

c) intrusive sound

d) clear sound

35. A sound which reminds a slight cough and is articulated by the vocal cords, before a vowel sound is heard, in cases of
emphatic speech.

a) glottal sound

b) glottal stop

c) intrusive sound

d) enclitic

36. An orthographic unit with which a phoneme can be correlated

a) hieroglyph

b) grapheme

c) glide

d) diaphone

37. A written sign which may be equivalent to a sound, syllable, or a whole notion.

a) diaphone

b) hieroglyph

c) glide

d) grapheme

38. Softening of consonants, which results from the secondary place of articulation — front-secondary focus, it takes place when the middle part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate and the air passage is narrowed or constricted, which gives the consonant soft colouring

a) velarization

b) neutralization

c) palatalization

d) labialization

39. Sound changes, which are the result of the historical development of the language.

a) mutual assimilation

b) reciprocal assimilation

c) historical assimilation

d) coalescent

40. An articulatory similarity of two sounds, which is based on similar articulatory work of the speech organs.

a) homogeneity

b) dissimilation

c) assimilation

d) mutual assimilation

41. Words that are similar in orthography but different in pronunciation and meaning.

a) homophones

b) positional allophones

c) homographs

d) free variations

42. Words that are similar in pronunciation but different in orthography and meaning.

a) homographs

b) homophones

c) free variations

d) positional allophones

43. A passage of small width or length.

a) elision

b) plosion

c) obstruction

d) narrowing

44. The loss of qualitative and tembral characteristics of vowel sounds in unstressed positions.

a) plosion

b) neutralization

c) glottal sound

d) elision

45. Either a narrowing or a complete closure of the speech organs in articulation

a) obstruction

b) elision

c) plosion

d) occlusion

46. A complete obstruction made by the speech organs, as in /p, t, k/.

a) plosion

b) elision

c) occlusion

d) labialization

47. A component of the phonetic structure which is viewed in the narrow meaning as pitch variations, or speech melody.

a) intonation

b) accent

c) diaphone

d) melody

48. Alien to the word sounds.

a) labial sounds

b) lateral sounds

c) intrusive sounds

d) glottal sounds

49. Sounds articulated by the lips.

a) labial sounds

b) glottal sounds

c) lateral sounds

d) intrusive sounds

50. Lip rounding.

a) lenition

b) plosion

c) labialization

d) velarization

51. Sounds in the articulation of which the air passages (or passage) are formed at the lateral sides of the tongue. At the same time the contact is made by the tip of the tongue pressed against the teethridge as in /i/ articulation.

a) lateral sounds

b) labial sounds

c) intrusive sounds

d) glottal sounds

52. Gradual weakening in the articulation.

a) plosion

b) lenition

c) labialization

d) velarization

53. Sounds articulated with theair-passage through the middle part of the tongue. For example: /w, r, j/.

a) medial sonants

b) constrictive sonants

c) intrusive sounds

d) labial sounds

54 In the articulation of these sounds the narrowing for the air passage is not wide enough to eliminate the noise or friction completely; on the other hand it is wide enough to make the cavity function as a resonator.

a) sibilants

b) glottal sounds

c) medial sonants

d) constrictive sonants

55. To acquire equal quality.
a) narrow

b) neutralize

c) monophthongize

d) descend

56. A word consisting of one syllable.

a) enclitic

b) monosyllable

c) close transition

d) glide

57. An abrupt separation of speech organs at the place of articulation.

a) glide

b) lenition

c) elision

d) plosion

58. Variants of a phoneme which are used in definite positions due to the tradition of a language pronunciation

a) positional allophones

b) free variations

c) free accentual variants

d) diphthongs

59. The process when the first of the two neighbouring sounds influences the second and makes it similar to itself.

a) regressive assimilation

b) reciprocal assimilation

c) progressive assimilation

d) mutual assimilation

60. Bilateral assimilation, when the neighbouring sounds are equally affected by assimilation.

a) regressive assimilation

b) reciprocal assimilation

c) progressive assimilation

d) mutual assimilation

61. The process when the second of the neighbouring sounds influences the first one and makes •it similar to itself.

a) regressive assimilation

b) reciprocal assimilation

c) progressive assimilation

d) mutual assimilation

62. The sounds of a whistling or hissing nature.

a) sibilants

b) silent letters

c) glottal sounds

d) sonorants

63. Letters that are spelt but not pronounced.

a) silent letters

b) sibilants

c) glottal sounds

d) sonorants

64. The sounds in the production of which voice prevails over noise.

a) labial sounds

b) lateral sounds

c) enclitics

d) sonorants

65. A vowel sound that consists of three elements, the first element is a diphthong and the second — a neutral vowel /ə/.

a) diaphone

b) triphthong

c) glide

d) grapheme

65. Formation of the back-secondary focus which makes the sounds "dark" in tamber

a) neutralization

b) palatalization

c) velarization

d) labialization

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