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Conditional Sentences. The Mixed Conditional
Conditional sentences are complex sentences with a subordinate clause of condition. Adverbial clauses of condition are introduced by the conjunctions if, unless, in case, suppose (that), supposing (that), on condition that, provided (that), providing (that).
Conditional sentences may be divided into two groups: sentences of real condition (open condition) and sentences of unreal condition (hypothetical condition).
The Mixed Conditional is used to talk about unlikely situations in the past, present or future. These sentences describe hypothetical actions. The action of the if-clause is represented to the speaker as contradicting reality; consequently the action of the main clause, which depends on this unreal condition, cannot be realized either.
In such sentences of unreal condition when a person’s present characteristic affects the events in the past we find the Subjunctive Mood (Past Indefinite) in the if-clause and the Conditional Mood, or the Analytical Subjunctive (Future Perfect-in-the-Past) in the main clause.
e.g. If you were less indifferent to him, you would have noticed that there was something happening to him.
In such sentences of unreal condition when a past event has an effect in the present we find the Subjunctive Mood (Past Perfect) in the if-clause and the Conditional Mood, or the Analytical Subjunctive (Future Simple-in-the-Past) in the main clause.
e.g. If you hadn’t invited me, I wouldn’t be here now.
The Subjunctive Mood with the combination I wish…
The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses when the predicate of the principal clause is expressed by the verb wish in the Indicative Mood, for example, after the combination I wish. So, we express a wish for a different action or a regret about an action.
The Subjunctive Mood (Past Indefinite) is used to express simultaneity of the action in the object clause with that of the principal clause. The most common meaning is a wish for a situation to be different.
e.g. He wished he had someone to talk to.
I wish I were young again.
The Subjunctive Mood (Past Perfect) is used to express priority of the action in the object clause to that of the principal clause. The most common meaning is a regret about some previous actions. There is only one way of rendering such sentences in Russian, namely Как жаль, что…. Thus, where the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian, and vice versa.
e.g. He wished he hadn’t taken her advice.
I wish I had not done it.
The Analytical Subjunctive Mood, or the Conditional Mood, (Future Simple-in-the-Past) is used to express succession of the action in the object clause to that of the principal clause. The most common meaning is a wish for a following situation to be different.
e.g. I wish you would stop arguing.
The Subjunctive Mood with the combination But for…
The Subjunctive Mood is used after the combination But for + noun (gerund, pronoun) which expresses negative unreal conditions referring to the present or past.
We use the Analytical Subjunctive Mood: Future Simple-in-the-Past for hypothetical situations in the present.
e.g. But for you (If it weren’t you) I shouldn’t mind.
We use the Analytical Subjunctive Mood: Future Perfect-in-the-Past for hypothetical situations in the past.
e.g.
But for the parents (If it hadn’t been the parents) she would have left the town long ago.
But for John (If John hadn’t played well) we would have lost the match.
The Subjunctive Mood with the combination If only…
The Subjunctive Mood is used in emphatic adverbial clauses of unreal condition after the combination If only. So, we express a wish for a different action or a regret about an action.
The Subjunctive Mood (Past Indefinite) is used to express simultaneity of the action in the object clause with that of the principal clause. The most common meaning is a wish for a situation to be different.
e.g. If only I had more money.
The Subjunctive Mood (Past Perfect) is used to express priority of the action in the object clause to that of the principal clause. The most common meaning is a regret about some previous actions.
e.g. If only I had listened to you.
The Analytical Subjunctive Mood, or the Conditional Mood, (Future Simple-in-the-Past) is used to express succession of the action in the object clause to that of the principal clause. The most common meaning is a wish for a following situation to be different.
e.g. If only the sun would come out.
The Subjunctive Mood with as if…
The Subjunctive Mood is used in predicative clauses after link verbs be, feel, look, seem (in the principal clause) and in adverbial clauses of comparison (or manner) introduced by the conjunctions as if and as though, which is more literary.
The Subjunctive Mood (Past Indefinite) is used to express simultaneity of the action in the adverbial clause with that of the principal clause.
e.g. Tom looks as if he were hungry.
She speaks about him as if she knew him well.
She greeted him as if he were her brother.
The Subjunctive Mood (Past Perfect) is used to express priority of the action in the adverbial clause to that of the principal clause.
e.g. Tom looks as if he hadn’t eaten for days.
Lucy cried as if she had lost all hope.
She spoke about him as if she had known him for years.
The Subjunctive Mood with as though…
The Subjunctive Mood is used in predicative clauses after link verbs be, feel, look, seem (in the principal clause) and in adverbial clauses of comparison (or manner) introduced by the conjunctions as if and as though, which is more literary.
The Subjunctive Mood (Past Indefinite) is used to express simultaneity of the action in the adverbial clause with that of the principal clause.
e.g. He looked as though he knew it to be true.
It seemed as though Ann heard it for the first time.
Bob smiled as though he liked it.
The Subjunctive Mood (Past Perfect) is used to express priority of the action in the adverbial clause to that of the principal clause.
e.g. The house looked as though it had been deserted for weeks.
It seemed as though Ann had never heard it.
She shook hands with him as though they had known each other all their lives.
Conditional Sentences without If
Conditional sentences are complex sentences with a subordinate clause of condition. Adverbial clauses of condition are most commonly introduced by the conjunction if.
In emphatic sentences with inversion of subject and predicate we omit if and use the Subjunctive Mood (Past Indefinite; Past Perfect; Analytical). The inverted sentence has to start with were, had, could, should.
e.g.
Were it warmer, I should bathe in the sea.
Had you informed me earlier, we should have taken the necessary steps.
Should a new earthquake happen, the government would have to act swiftly.
The contracted forms of weren’t, hadn’t, couldn’t, shouldn’t are not possible when these constructions are made negative. Particle not is used after the subject.
e.g.
Had we not been delayed, the accident would never have happened.
Should you not change your mind, we would have remained friends.
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