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Money as a medium of exchange
We use the term money to mean much more than just bank notes and coins. When someone asks how much money you make, he means what is you income. When someone says, "He has a lot of money", she means he is wealthy, not that he has stashed away lots of cash. When someone accuses corporations of being "interested only in making money," she means they are interested only in making profits.
Economists define money by the functions it serves. Money's first function is to facilitate trade – the exchange of goods or services for mutual benefit. This is called the medium of exchange function of money. Trade that occurs without money is called barter. Barter involves a direct exchange of one good or service for another. Two families agree to take turns baby-sitting for each other, or a doctor and a lawyer agree to trade consultations. Nations sometimes sign treaties phrased in barter terms. A certain amount of oil, for example, might be traded for a certain amount of machinery or weapons.
Any easily transportable and storable good can, in principle, be used as a medium of exchange. And a wide variety of items have served that function. Indeed, the item chosen as money can be thought of as a social convention. The reason you accept money in payment for what you sell as that others will accept it for things you want to buy. Different cultures in different times have used all sorts of items as money.
Вариант 2
I. Перепишите, в каждом предложении подчеркните глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. In recent years large metal containers easily transferred from one type of carrier to another have been developed.
2. Advertising is increasingly being attacked for its distortions of the product quality in this country.
3. During the war most businesses were hurt because of the serious disruption.
4. His marketing decisions will be founded on that strategy.
II. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Professional marketing services are to be of great value to producers and sellers.
2. They will be able to dispatch the goods next month.
3. He ought to take a more active part in decision making on the exports strategy of the company.
4. The company couldn't make a reduction in price but it had to deliver the equipment in shortest time.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова:
a) герундий;
b) причастие I, II;
C) инфинитив.
1. Another problem is the difficulty in increasing productivity or efficiency in the service sector.
2. While checking the figures given we had to correct some of them.
3. Most large concerns have a number of economists on their staff to help them to forecast to expected fluctuations.
4. To build more capacity than needed means to use money that is not producing income.
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