Engineering functions

Research. Using mathematical and scientific concepts, experimental techniques, and inductive reasoning, the research engineer seeks new principles and processes. Research jobs often involve starting with an idea or a need. Theories are formulated, tested and prototyped. Jobs in research can be found at universities, national laboratories as well as private institutions and corporations.

Development. Development engineers apply the results of research to useful purposes. Creative application of new knowledge may result in a working model of a new electrical circuit, a chemical process, or an industrial machine.

Design. In designing a structure or a product, the engineer selects methods, specifies materials, and determines shapes to satisfy technical requirements and to meet performance specifications.

In design and development, the results of research are applied to practical problems. The term ‘development’ refers to the early stages of a project. The term ‘design’ refers more to the later stages of a project when the basic methodology is established. In some companies, research and development are combined.

Construction. The construction engineer is responsible for preparing the site, determining procedures that will economically and safely yield the desired quality, directing the placement of materials, and organizing the personnel and equipment.

Production. Plant layout and equipment selection are the responsibility of the production engineer, who chooses processes and tools, integrates the flow of materials and components, and provides for testing and inspection. Although usually not directly in charge of production personnel, engineers are responsible for solving problems associated with the manufacturing process.

Operation. The operating engineer controls machines, plants, and organizations providing power, transportation, and communication; determines procedures; and supervises personnel to obtain reliable and economic operation of complex equipment.

Testing and evaluation can take place in the laboratory or in the field, often working with equipment, software, systems and the end users. Those who are involved in testing are not the designers.

Management. In some countries and industries, engineers analyze customers’ requirements, recommend units to satisfy needs economically, and resolve related problems. Management jobs often require elements of leadership, planning, coordination, supervision; working with staff, budgets and administration.

Maintenance and Service. Engineering and technical jobs concerned with operations - maintaining and making modifications to hardware and systems.

Problem solving is common to all engineering work. The problem may involve quantitative or qualitative factors; it may be physical or economic; it may require abstract mathematics or common sense. Of great importance is the process of creative synthesis or design, putting ideas together to create a new and optimum solution.

3. Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

Задание II

1. Определите по формальным признакам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их:

Scientific, construction, themselves, initially, experimental, useful, industrial, responsibility, modification, quantitative

2. Заполните следующую таблицу:

Задание III

1. Подберите эквиваленты к глаголам, обозначенным цифрами:

2. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

3. Составьте синонимичные пары:

4. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова:

engineers, production, needs, fields, factors, civil

1. The discipline of engineering includes a range of more specialized ….

2. … engineering involves design and construction of private and public works.

3. The … engineer is responsible for choosing processes, materials and components.

4. In some countries and industries, … analyze customers’ requirements and try to meet their ….

5. The engineering problem may involve quantitative or qualitative….

Задание IV

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