TEXT 4. CLASSIFICATION OF AIR TRANSPORTATIONS

Air transportation is the carriage of passengers, mail, load and freight by aircraft and helicopters. All air transportations are classified according to the territorial sign, to objects of transportation and to direction of transportation. By the territorial division they are defined as domestic and international transportations.

Domestic and international transportations are divided into scheduled and non-scheduled flights. Scheduled flights are performed due to the definite traffic schedule. Non-scheduled flights are operated according to special agreements and orders. On international routes they are known as charter flights. In summer, during rush-hours, there may be additional flights to the schedule.

Depending upon the object of the transportation we define passenger, mail, load and freight transportations.

As to the direction the transportations differ as non-stopover flights, that is from the point of departure to the point of destination; round trips, i.e. from the point of departure to the point of destination and back to the starting point; and onward journey with the transfer from one airplane to another.

Exercise 41. Answer the questions on text 4.

1. What is air transportation? 2. How are all air transportations classified? 3. What are transportations defined as according to territorial division? 4. What is a scheduled flight? 5. How are non-scheduled flights operated? 6. What is a charter flight? 7. What are flights divided into upon the objects of transportation? 8. How do transportations differ as to the direction of flight?

Exercise 42. Give English equivalents.

Перевезення, пошта, вантаж, територіальна ознака, предмет перевезення, напрямок, територіальний поділ, визначати, внутрішній рейс, міжнародні перевезення, регулярний рейс, нерегулярний рейс, виконувати, угода, замовлення, година-пік, додатковий рейс, розклад, рейс без зупинки, пункт відправлення, пункт призначення, рейс в обидва кінці, рейс з пересадкою.

Exercise 43. Write out of text 4 the words that can function both as nouns and verbs (there are 13 such words).

Exercise 44. Complete the sentences.

1. Air transportation is the carriage of …, …, … and … by aircraft and helicopters. 2. Аir transportations are classified according to the …, to … and to …. 3. By the territorial division they are defined as … and … transportations. 4. Domestic and international transportations are divided into … and … flights. 5. Scheduled flights are performed due to the …. 6. Non-scheduled flights are operated according to special … and …. 7. On international routes they are known as … flights. In summer, during …, there may be … flights to the …. 8. As to the direction the transportations differ as … flights, … trips, and … journey.

Exercise 45. Give the terms corresponding to the following definitions.

1. Carriage of passengers, mail, load and freight by aircraft and helicopters – ….

2. Flight performed due to the definite traffic schedule – ….

3. Flight operated according to special agreements and orders – ….

4. Flight from the point of departure to the point of destination – ….

5. Flight from the point of departure to the point of destination and back to the starting point – ….

6. Flight with the transfer from one airplane to another – ….

Exercise 46. Define the following terms: scheduled flight, non-scheduled flight, domestic flight, international flight, charter flight, rush-hour, non-stopover flight, round trip, onward journey, airline, route, flight hours, transfer, point of departure, point of destination.

Exercise 47. Open the brackets using appropriate tense of the verb form and voice. Analyze the predicate structures.

All air transportations (to classify) according to the territorial sign, to objects of transportation and to direction of transportation. By the territorial division they (to define) as domestic and international transportations. Domestic and international transportations (to divide) into scheduled and non-scheduled flights. Scheduled flights (to perform) due to the definite traffic schedule. Non-scheduled flights (to operate) according to special agreements and orders. Depending upon the object of the transportation we (to define) passenger, mail, load and freight transportations.

Exercise 48. Translate into English.

1. Повітряні перевезення – це перевезення пасажирів, вантажів, пошти, літаками та гелікоптерами. 2. Перевезення можуть бути класифіковані за територіальною ознакою, предметами перевезення та напрямом перевезення. 3. За територіальним поділом перевезення визначають як внутрішні та міжнародні. 4. Регулярні рейси здійснюють відповідно до визначеного графіка руху. 5. Нерегулярні рейси виконують за спеціальними угодами та на замовлення. 6. На міжнародних маршрутах нерегулярні рейси відомі як чартерні рейси. 7. Додаткові рейси можливі у годину-пік улітку. 8. Прямі рейси здійснюються з пункту відправлення до пункту призначення без зупинки. 9. Рейс в обидва кінці виконують з пункту відправлення до пункту призначення і назад у пункт відправлення.

Exercise 49. Give the gist of text 4.

Exercise 50. Memorize the active vocabulary to text 5.

Exercise 51. Read and translate text 5 using the vocabulary.

TEXT 5. LOW-COST CARRIER

A low-cost carrier or low-cost airline (also known as a no-frills or discount carrier or airline) is an airline that offers generally low fares in exchange for eliminating many traditional passenger services. The concept originated in the United States before spreading to Europe in the early 1990s and subsequently to much of the rest of the world. The term originated within the airline industry referring to airlines with a lower operating cost structure than their competitors. While the term is often applied to any carrier with low ticket prices and limited services, regardless of their operating models, low-cost carriers should not be confused with regional airlines that operate short flights without service, or with full-service airlines offering some reduced fares.

Typical low-cost carrier business model practices include: a single passenger class; a single type of aeroplane (commonly the Airbus A319 or Boeing 737), reducing training and servicing costs; a minimum set of optional equipment on the aeroplane, often excluding conveniences such as ACARS, further reducing costs of acquisition and maintenance; a simple fare scheme, such as charging one-way tickets half that of round-trips (typically fares increase as the plane fills up, which rewards early reservations); unreserved seating (encouraging passengers to board early and quickly); flying to cheaper, less congested secondary airports and flying early in the morning or late in the evening to avoid air traffic delays and take advantage of lower landing fees; fast turnaround times (allowing maximum use of aircraft); simplified routes, emphasizing point-to-point transit instead of transfers at hubs (again enhancing aircraft use and eliminating disruption due to delayed passengers or luggage missing connecting flights); encourage the use of direct flights. Luggage is not automatically transferred from one flight to another, even if both flights are with the same company; generation of additional revenue from a variety of activities, such as a la carte features and commission-based products; emphasis on direct sales of tickets, especially over the Internet (avoiding fees and commissions paid to travel agents and computer reservations systems); employees working in multiple roles, for instance flight attendants also cleaning the aircraft or working as gate agents (limiting personnel costs); a disinclination to handle Special Service passengers, for instance by placing a higher age limit on unaccompanied minors than full service carriers; aggressive fuel hedging programs.

Not every low-cost carrier implements all of the above points. For example, some try to differentiate themselves with allocated seating, while others operate more than one aircraft type, still others will have relatively high operating costs but lower fares.

The price policy of the low cost carriers is usually very dynamic, with discounts and tickets in promotion. Even if the advertised price may be very low, sometimes it does not include charges and taxes.

As the number of low-cost carriers has grown, these airlines have begun to compete with one another in addition to the traditional carriers. In the US, airlines have responded by introducing variations to the model. Frontier Airlines and JetBlue Airways advertise satellite television. Advertiser-supported Skybus Airlines launched from Columbus in 2007, but ceased operations in April, 2008. In Europe, the emphasis has remained on reducing costs and no-frills service. In 2004, Ryanair announced proposals to eliminate reclining seats, window blinds, seat headrest covers, and seat pockets from its aircraft.

The budget airlines frequently offer flights at amazingly low prices – often flights are advertised as free (plus applicable taxes, fees and charges!). To take advantage of this you should book well in advance. As many (or as few) as 10 % of the seats on any flight are offered at the lowest price, and are the first to sell. The prices steadily rise thereafter.

Exercise 52. Match English-Ukrainian equivalents.

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