TEXT 2. CIVIL AVIATION

Civil aviation is one of two major categories of flying, representing all non-military aviation, both private and commercial. Most of the countries in the world are members of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and work together to establish common standards and recommended practices for civil aviation through that agency.

Civil aviation includes two major categories: Scheduled air transport, including all passenger and cargo flights operating on regularly-scheduled routes; and General aviation (GA), including all other civil flights, private or commercial.

Although scheduled air transport is the larger operation in terms of passenger numbers, GA is larger in the number of flights (and flight hours, in the U.S.) In the U.S., GA carries 166 million passengers each year, more than any individual airline, though less than all the airlines combined.

Most countries also make a regulatory distinction based on whether aircraft are flown for hire. Commercial aviation includes most or all flying done for hire, from sightseeing in a small plane to charter flights and scheduled service on airlines. Private aviation includes pilots flying for their own purposes (recreation, business meetings, etc.) without receiving any kind of remuneration.

All scheduled air transport is commercial, but general aviation can be either commercial or private. Normally, the pilot, aircraft, and operator must all be authorized to perform commercial operations through separate commercial licensing, registration, and operation certificates.

Exercise 22. Answer the questions on text 2.

1. What is civil aviation? 2. What categories does civil aviation include? 3. What is scheduled air transport? 4. What does general aviation include? 5. What is commercial aviation? 6. What is private aviation? 7. What is necessary to perform commercial operations?

Exercise 23. Write out of text 2 the words that can function both as nouns and verbs.

Exercise 24. Give English equivalents.

Цивільна авіація, встановлювати загальні стандарти, практичні рекомендації, регулярні авіаперевезення, вантажний рейс, маршрут, загальна авіація, приватний, льотна година, перевозити, оренда, чартерний рейс, мета, винагорода, літак, ліцензування.

Exercise 25. Put questions to the italicized parts of the sentences.

1. Most of the countries in the world are members of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). 2. Civil aviation includes two major categories: Scheduled air transport and General aviation. 3. General aviation carries 166 million passengers each year, more than any individual airline, though less than all the airlines combined. 4. Commercial aviation includes most or all flying done for hire, from sightseeing in a small plane to charter flights and scheduled service on airlines. 5. All scheduled air transport is commercial, but general aviation can be either commercial or private.

Exercise 26. Identify: a) nouns; b) pronouns; c) adjectives; d) verbal forms; e) adverbs among the following words. Translate them.(There are words that belong to different parts of speech).

Aviation, flying, representing, commercial, most, international, together, their, standards, recommended, includes, civil, operating, work, operation, scheduled, some, number, individual, distinction, based, general, normally, commercial, its, directly, combined, civil, international, each, small, transport.

Exercise 27. Write a summary on text 2.

Exercise 28. Memorize the active vocabulary to text 3.

Exercise 29. Read and translate text 3 using the vocabulary.

TEXT 3. CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITIES

The Convention on International Civil Aviation (the Chicago Convention) was originally established in 1944. It states that signatories should collectively work to harmonize and standardize the use of airspace for safety, efficiency and regularity of air transport. All the States signatory to the Chicago Convention, now 188, are obliged to implement the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) of the Convention.

Each signatory country has a Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), such as the FAA in the United States, to oversee the following areas of civil aviation:

Personnel Licensing — regulating the basic training and issuance of licenses and certificates.

Flight Operations — carrying out safety oversight of commercial operators.

Airworthiness — issuing certificates of registration and certificates of airworthiness to civil aircraft, and overseeing the safety of maintenance organizations.

Aerodromes — designing and constructing aerodrome facilities. Air Traffic Services — managing the traffic in a country's airspace.

Exercise 30. Answer the questions on text 3.

1. What does Chicago Convention state? 2. What are its signatories obliged to do? 3. What is CAA expected to do in the sphere of personnel licensing? 4. What is CAA concerned with as to flight operations? 5. What is CAA responsible for in the issues of airworthiness? 6. What matters are to be considered as to aerodromes? 7. How are Air Traffic Services controlled by CAA?

Exercise 31. Write out of text 3 words that can function both as nouns and verbs (they are 12).

Exercise 32. Give English equivalents.

Сторона, що підписала документ; стандартизувати; безпека; ефективність; впроваджувати; стандарти і рекомендації з їх використання; слідкувати; ліцензування персоналу; випуск ліцензій; виконання; придатність до польотів; організація з техобслуговування; аеродромні споруди; повітряний простір.

Exercise 33. Decipher the following abbreviations.

ICAO, FAA, CAA, SARP, GDP, US, GA.

Exercise 34. Put general, subject, alternative, disjunctive and special questions to each of the following sentences.

1. The Convention on International Civil Aviation was originally established in 1944.

2. It states that signatories should collectively work to harmonize and standardize the use of airspace for safety, efficiency and regularity of air transport.

Exercise 35. Give synonyms to the following words.

Influence, advancement, airliner, growth, help, production, cause, to include, to facilitate, to create, to term, to widen, to take part, distant, main, modern, global, rapid, particularly, several, obvious, widespread, type, freight, purpose, number, remuneration, carriage, cargo, baggage.

Exercise 36. Give antonyms to the following words.

Include, directly, dependent, general, advantage, progress, demand, facilitate, broaden, departure, modern, increase, possible, rapid, major, export, international, long, different, partly, many, cheap, scheduled, understanding, often, wide-body, military, private, together, regular, more, combine, distinction, originally, collectively, definite, order.

Exercise 37. Fill in the table with the derivatives of the following verbs: operate, act, depend, achieve, transport, practice, serve, direct, provide, define, add, differ, change, apply, include, explain, allow, vary, produce, relate, compete, introduce, compare, manage. Follow the model.

Exercise 38. Give the gist of text 3 in one sentence in Ukrainian and English.

Exercise 39. Memorize the active vocabulary to text 4.

Exercise 40. Read and translate text 4 using the vocabulary.

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