Существительное в притяжательном падеже – The Possessive Case

Существительное в притяжательном падеже (the Possessive Case) служит определением к другому существительному и отвечает на вопрос whose? чей?,, обозначая принадлежность предмета. В форме притяжательного падежа употребляются в основном существительные одушевленные.

Притяжательный падеж существительных в единственном числе образуется прибавлением к существительному окончания –s:

Jack’s friend друг Джека

horse’s leg нога лошади

cow’s stomach желудок коровы

Притяжательный падеж существительных во множественном числе обозначается одним только знаком апострофа:

veterinarians’ instructions указания врачей

students’ books книги студентов

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Possessive Case of the nouns.

1) The veterinarian’s instructions must be followed strictly.

2) The patient’s heart was in bad condition.

3) These scientists’ experiment will be accomplished in a year.

4) My friend’s dog was taken to the clinic yesterday.

5) The animals’ health depends on veterinarians.

6) The cow’s temperature is very high today.

Помните! Существительное может служить определением к другому существительному и тогда, когда оно стоит перед ним в общем падеже, т.е. без всякого изменения формы. Такое существительное переводится на русский язык прилагательным или существительным в одном из косвенных падежей:

heart activity – сердечная активность, активность сердца

blood circulation – циркуляция крови

Ex. 5. Translate the following combinations of nouns:

tissue layer, wound size, joint fracture, fluid medicine, chest wound, stomach contents, digestion function.

Ex. 6. Mark combinations of two nouns in the following sentences.

1) This fluid matter will be examined under the microscope.

2) The mouth breathing is observed in the horse today.

3) The veterinarian suspects the joint fracture in this patient.

4) The skin surface of this dog is covered by lesions.

5) We often use blood transfusion in severe cases.

6) Cell re production is a constant process.

Ex.7. Make up combinations of nouns using the following words:

кожное повреждение, вес тела, перелом спины, инъекция лекарства, осмотр тела, операция желудка, содержимое желудка.

Text A
The Ruminant Stomach

The ruminant stomach consists of four compartments. They are named rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum, but they are collectively referred to as “stomachs”.

The rumen consists of a dorsal sac which lies in the left upper quarter of the abdomen and a ventral sac which lies on the abdomen floor. The mucous membrane lining is covered with papillae. In the camel the rumen lining is devoid of papillae and therefore it is quite smooth.

The reticulum is the smallest compartment. It lies in front of the rumen but on a lower level. The mucous membrane lining is arranged in folds. They are dividing the inner surface into cellules, which are normally filled with fluid resembling saliva.

In the camel there are two additional reticula or “water bags” at the front end of the rumen. In all three the cellules are deep and their openings can be closed by sphincter muscles which prevent the escape of the saliva-like fluid.

The omasum lies somewhat above the reticulum and to the right. It is filled with about 100 folds of white muscle.

The abomasum lies round the lower and posterior surfaces of the omasum. It is relatively small and has the same structure as the glandular part of the stomach of a non-ruminant animal.

Vocabulary List

Verbs

examine

fill

lie

prevent

refer

resemble

suspect

Nouns

appearance

breathing

difficulty

male

papilla

(pl. papillae)

reticulum

rumen

omasum

abomasum

saliva

surface

weight

Adjectives

front

intramuscular

lower

old

upper

Adverbs

normally

Ex. 8. Answer the following questions on Text A.

1) What is the peculiarity of the ruminant stomach?

2) What are the compartments of the ruminant stomach?

3) What does the rumen consist of?

4) What is the peculiarity of the reticulum in the camel?

5) How many folds of white muscle are there in the omasum?

6) What is the fourth compartment if the ruminant stomach?

Ex. 9. Describe in Russian the four compartments of the ruminant stomach.

Ex. 10. Characterize the reticulum in the camel in English.

Ex. 11. Translate the following combinations of nouns into Russian:

rumen contents, fluid medicine, vaccine injection, stomach compartments, disease diagnosis, joint examination, heart condition.

Ex. 12. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to noun combinations.

1) This disease origin is not known yet.

2) The body size of this calf is not big enough for its age,

3) The skin surface of the cow was examined by the veterinarian thoroughly.

4) This disease nature has been investigated in our research institute this year.

5) Rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum are stomach compartments.

6) The digestion function is performed in the digestive tract and the stomach.

7) The body appearance of the animals depends on its health.

8)

Ex. 13. Read and translate Text B using a dictionary.

Text B
Eosinophylic Granuloma* in the Cat

In November, 2010 a 2-year-old male domestic short-haired cat was examined because of the difficulty in eating*. The owner suspected a foreign body in the mouth back. The end of the cat’s tongue protruded. Respiration was compromised, and open-mouth breathing was evident.

A raised mass was found on the dorso-posterior aspect of the tongue. The mass was reddish brown and had a lobulated appearance.

A biopsy specimen of the lesion was examined histologically. The microscoping diagnosis was eosinophylic granuloma.

Treatment consisted of an intramuscular injection of methylprednisolone acetate at 2 mg/lb of body weight.

eosinophylic granuloma – эозинофильная гранулема

eating – прием пищи

2 mg/lb – 2 мг/фунт

Ex. 14. Answer the following questions on Text B.

1) What is the text about?

2) What were the symptoms of the disease in the cat?

3) Did the owner suspect a foreign body in the mouth?

4) What did the veterinarian find?

5) Was a biopsy specimen of the lesion examined histologically?

6) What was the diagnosis?

7) How did the veterinarian treat the cat?

Ex. 15. Make up a dialogue between the owner of the cat and the veterinarian relying on Text B.

Ex. 16. Retell the text in English.

Ex. 17. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1) The examination showed the bone fracture.

2) The cow’s leg was fractured.

3) The horse’s disease was diagnosed after the blood examination.

4) The veterinarian examined the pig’s body thoroughly and found skin lesions.

5) The cows’ saliva on this farm contains microbes.

6) The dog’s breathing is not normal.

7) Body weight may differ according to pig’s breed.

8) Eye pupil is in the centre of the eye.

Ex. 18. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Я лечу перелом кости у этой коровы.

2) Деятельность сердца этого пациента контролируется постоянно.

3) Мышечная ткань поражается при данном заболевании.

4) Эта болезнь домашней птицы очень заразная.

5) У этого пациента тяжелое заболевание желудка.

6) Состояние этой лошади будет лучше на следующей неделе.

7) Помощь ветврача была необходима.

UNIT 3
DIGESTION IN DIFFERENT ANIMALS

Ex. 1. Repeat the following words after the teacher:

various, peculiarity, cavity, arch, foreign, piece, wire, bovine, incidence, cause, case, occur, attribute, pasture, anxious, slaughter, dullness.

Ex. 2. Repeat the following words of Latin origin after the teacher:

progress, vertebrate, pharynx, oesophagus, intestine, anus, pancreas, traumatic, pulse, gastritis, reticulum, temperature, respiratory, diagnostic.

Ex. 3. Listen, repeat and translate the following adverbs and adjectives:

structural, physiological, generally, typically, constantly, usually, frequently.

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words.

1) to accompany – сопровождать
The disease is accompanied by high temperature.

2) Foot-and-mouth disease (ящур) is a fatal disease of cattle.

3) When the temperature is high the animals usually refuse (do not want) to take fodder.

4) to suffer – страдать

Old animals usually suffer from this disease.

5) complicated – complex – difficult

In complicated cases (случай) the animals are taken to the clinic.

6) frequently – often

Frequently animals swallow foreign bodies.

7) slightly – a little

The mucous membrane is slightly affected.

8) because – так как, потому что

This goat (коза) must be removed from the herd because it has an infectious disease.

9) The adjective “simple” is the antonym of the adjective “difficult”.

The diagnosis of this disease is simple.

10) dullness – вялость

Dullness is a common symptom of many diseases.

11) The adjective “possible” is formed from the noun “possibility”.

There is a possibility to prevent some dangerous communicable diseases.

12) The noun “intestine” is the Latin word.

The small intestine is a part of the digestive system.

13) to slaughter – to kill

The noun “slaughter” has the same form as the verb “to slaughter”.

Slaughter is recommended if the animal is affected with a dangerous communicable disease.

14) condition – условие, состояние; заболевание

The condition of this patient is good today.

Animals must be kept in good conditions.

Степени сравнения

Односложные и некоторые двусложные прилагательные образуют сравнительную и превосходную степени (comparative and superlative degrees) прибавлением суффиксов –er (comparative degree) и –est (superlative degree) к прилагательному в положительной степени (positive degree):

old – older – the oldest - старый – старше – старейший (самый старый)

happy – happier – the happiest - счастливый – счастливее – самый счастливый

Ex. 5. Listen, repeat and translate the adjectives:

strong –stronger; sick - the sickest; weak – weaker; high – higher; slow –slower -the slowest; slight- slighter; big –bigger; busy - busier.

Ex. 6. Form the comparative and superlative degrees from the following adjectives, write them down and translate into Russian:

large, nice, young, quick, short, healthy, small, wide, heavy, lucky, thin

Ex. 7. Form the positive degree from the following adjectives in the comparative and superlative degrees:

busiest, longer, biggest, newest, healthier.

.

Помните! Большинство двусложных и все многосложные прилагательные образуют сравнительную и превосходную степени при помощи специальных слов “more” и “most”, «less» и «least», которые употребляются перед прилагательными в положительной степени.

more dangerous – более опсный; less dangerous – менее опасный

the most dangerous - самый опасный

the least dangerous - наименее опасный

Ex. 8. Form the comparative and superlative degrees from the following adjectives and translate them: common, general, infectious, possible, fatal, constant, artificial.

Запомните исключения из правила образования степеней сравнения прилагательных:

good (хороший) better best

bad (плохой) worse worst

little (мало) less least

many(многие, много)

much (много) more most

Ex. 9. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the degrees of comparison.

Помните, что перед прилагательным в превосходной степени, как правило, стоит артикль the, а после сравнительной степени употребляется слово than – чем.

1) This case of pneumonia is more severe than that one.

2) Bad fodder is the most frequent case of this disease.

3) This breed of a horse is worse than that one.

4) Today the patient feels better than yesterday.

5) The pulse became more rapid than an hour ago.

6) Horses are more susceptible to this disease than cows.

7) The lectures of this teacher are less interesting than the lectures of that one.

8) The tumour on the leg of this goat was smaller last week.

One – слово-заместитель, употребляется вместо ранее упомянутого существительного и на русский язык либо совсем не переводится, либо переводится при помощи ранее упомянутого существительного. Если заменяется существительное во множественном числе, тогда его заменителем является форма множественного числа ones.

Запомните следующие сравнительные конструкции:

Ex. 10. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the comparative constructions.

1) This medicine is as effective as that one.

2) The old method of treatment of this infectious disease is not so effective as the new one.

3) Swine are not so susceptible to this disease as cows.

4) The herd of goats is as big as the herd of sheep in this collective farm.

Запомните три значения слова most:

the most (перед прилагательным) – превосходная степень,

а most (перед прилагательным) – крайне, весьма,

most of (перед существительным) – большинство, бòльшая часть.

Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the word “most”.

1) This is the most interesting case of paralysis in my practice.

2) I know a most simple method of treatment of this disease.

3) Most of the animals are healthy on the farm.

4) Dullness is a most common symptom of many diseases.

5) Microbes are the most common cause of infection.

6) Most of the graduates of our institute go to work in collective and state farms.

Ex. 12. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1) This case of pneumonia is not so acute as that one.

2) Bladder inflammation is a most complicated disease.

3) The disease is more common in adult animals.

4) This medicine is the least effective.

5) Our veterinary clinic is the best clinic in our city.

6) Most of the dogs are vaccinated against rabies.

7) Sanitary conditions on this farm are worse than on that one.

8) The tumour on the leg of the calf is bigger than on the neck.

Text A
Digestion in Different Animals

The digestive system in various animals differs in general form, structural details and physiological processes. Digestive organs of the pig, for example, have the fewest peculiarities. Those of the horse are the next most simple, while those of the ruminants are the most complicated. The digestive system of almost every vertebrate has the following parts: the mouth cavity, the pharynx, the oesophagus, the stomach, the small intestine which is subdivided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum; the large intestine and the anus.

The two large digestive glands, the liver and pancreas are present in all vertebrates.

The digestive system in various animals differs in general form, structural details and physiological processes according to the nature of food, the manner of life and other factors.

Vocabulary List

Verbs

accompany

refuse

suffer

Nouns

case

condition

dullness

intestine

slaughter

possibility

Adjectives

complicated

fatal

simple

Adverbs

frequently

slightly

Conjunctions

because

Ex. 13. Answer the following questions to Text A in English.

1) Does the digestive system in various animals differ in general form?

2) What are the parts of the digestive system of vertebrates?

3) What are the two digestive glands?

4) What is the cause of differences in the digestive system of various animals?

Ex. 14 Give the general characteristics of the digestive system in various animals in Russian.

Ex. 15. Write down the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and translate them:

firm, mobile, preventive, numerous, good, simple, many, cold, slight, bad, little, close, severe, busy, low, easy, clean, young, white, early.

Ex. 16. Translate from English into Russian.

1) The disease is more common in young pigs than in adult ones.

2) The temperature of this calf was higher yesterday.

3) Influenza is a most communicable disease.

4) Histology is the most difficult subject.

5) The condition of this animal is worse today than it was yesterday.

6) The condition of the patient was not so bad yesterday as it is today.

7) In most cases pneumonia is not difficult to diagnose.

8) This patient had the most serious operation two days ago.

9) The symptoms of this horse are more severe today.

Ex. 17. Read and translate Text B using a dictionary.

Text B
Traumatic Gastritis

The immediate cause of the condition is a foreign object, usually a short piece of wire or a nail, which most frequently finds its way to the floor of the reticulum because of the physiology of the bovine stomach.

There is no definite age incidence of traumatic gastritis, but usually the animal is two years or older. A few fatal cases have occurred in younger animals. Generally the older the cow, the more apt it is to suffer clinical manifestation of the condition, but this may be attributed to the increased possibility to consume foreign bodies in a longer period.

Symptoms. Typically, the owner reports that the cow refuses its feed and, if on pasture, comes to the barn reluctantly. The animal often has an anxious expression, frequently accompanied by a dullness of the eyes. It stands with back arched more than is normal and is reluctant to move. The temperature, pulse and respiratory rate will be in the high normal or slightly above normal range.

Diagnostic. The metal detector must be used with the clinical symptoms constantly born in mind.

Treatment. If the animal is of little or no value, slaughter should be recommended. For the valuable individual rumenotomy should be used.

Ex. 18. Answer the following questions on Text B in English.

1) What is the cause of traumatic gastritis?

2) What animals are usually affected by traumatic gastritis?

3) What are the symptoms of the disease?

4) How does the veterinarian diagnose the disease?

5) Is there any treatment of the disease?

6) What is usually recommended in the case of traumatic gastritis?

Ex. 19. Make up a dialogue between the owner of the cow and the veterinarian basing on Text B.

Ex. 20. Retell the Text B in English.

Ex. 21. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1) The condition of the patient is less severe today.

2) Your dog is less affected with the disease than mine.

3) We were present at a most interesting operation yesterday.

4) The temperature of the patient is higher and the pulse more rapid today.

5) It was one of the most difficult operations on the stomach.

6) In most cases such injuries are most dangerous.

7) Most of the students saw the operation for the first time.

8) The operation on the stomach is as difficult at that on the kidney.

Ex. 22. Translate into English.

1) Эта клиника такая же большая, как та (клиника).

2) Вялость – весьма важный симптом.

3) Воспаление слизистой оболочки – самый важный симптом при этом заболевании.

4) Эта больница – самая большая в городе.

5) У этого больного температура более высокая, чем у того.

6) Этот метод лечения весьма эффективный.

7) Его корова дает больше молока, чем моя (корова).

8) Большая часть животных была провакцинирована на ферме вчера.

UNIT 4
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Ex. 1. Repeat the following words after the teacher:

respiratory, mucous, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, pulmonary, artery, vein, cartilage, fibro-elastic, aspiration, posterior, laryngotomy.

Ex. 2. Repeat the following words after the teacher, find Russian equivalents to these words:

to communicate, to recommend, to regulate, to act, cylindric, a nose, symmetric.

Ex. 3. Repeat the following sentences after the teacher, find Russian equivalents to the enhanced words.

1) Lungs are a pair of organs in which exchange of gases between blood and air takes place.

а) желудок б) кости в) легкие

2) The blood is carried to the lungs by the artery.

a) переносится б) превращается в) переваривается

3) The organs of respiration consist of the nasal cavity, the larynx, the pharynx, the trachea, the bronchi and the lungs.

а) брюшная полость б) носовая полость в) полость рта

4) The larynx is a short tube.

а) стенка б) трубка в) перегородка

5) The larynx connects the pharynx with the trachea.

а) выполняет б) соединяет в) переносит

6) Air passes through the trachea tube.

а) над б) через в) под

7) A symptom is a clinical sign of a disease.

а) развитие б) признак в) наконец

8) Respiratory system consists of organs lined with mucous membrane.

а) роговая оболочка б) слизистая оболочка

9) Coughing is a symptom of respiratory disorders.

а) сыпь б) головокружение в) кашель

.Напоминаем, что во избежание повторения исчисляемого существительного используется неопределенное местоимение one, которое употребляется вместо ранее упомянутого существительного.

В этом случае местоимение one является словом-заместителем.

1) This dog is sick, that dog has already recovered.

This dog is sick, that one has already recovered.

2) This pencil is bad, give me another pencil, please.

This pencil is bad, give me another one, please.

.

Напоминаем, что слово-заместитель one или совсем не переводится, или переводится на русский язык при помощи ранее упомянутого существительного.

Например: This tube is longer than that one.

Эта трубка длиннее, чем та (трубка).

Ex.4.

a) Repeat the following sentences after the teacher. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) The right bronchus is larger than the left one.

2) The adult animal recovered sooner than the young one.

3) The test animal looked weaker than the control one.

4) The right lobe looked larger than the left one.

5) The test animal was given better food than the control one.

6) Respiratory system resembles the digestive one.

a) Replace the pronoun “one” by the corresponding noun according to the model.

Model: The right bronchus is larger than the left one.

The right bronchus is larger than the left bronchus.

Ex. 5. Read the sentences. Make up the situation according to the model.

Model: I have read this book. (to give)

Give me another one.

1) I have translated the text. (to give)

2) This bag is too small. (to take)

3) This text is difficult. (to take)

4) I have seen this test animal. (to show)

Ex. 6. Complete the sentences. Use the necessary form of the pronoun “one”.

Напоминаем, что заменителем существительного во множественном числе является форма множественного числа местоимения “ones”.

Например:

1. This pencil is red, give me the blue one, please.

Этот карандаш красный, дайте мне, пожалуйста, синий.

2. These pencils are red, give me the blue ones, please.

Эти карандаши красные, дайте мне, пожалуйста, синие.

1) This text is difficult, translate another....

2) These texts are difficult, translate another....

3) Three test animals were too weak. The professor asked for the other....

4) This test animal is too weak. The professor asked for another....

Ex. 7. Mark the sentence in which the pronoun “one” should be used.

1) The adult animal recovered soon.

2) The young animal was given best food.

3) The adult animal recovered sooner than the young animal.

Ex. 8. Replace the noun by the pronoun “one” in the sentence 3 of ex. 7.

Ex. 9. Repeat the following sentences after the teacher.

Напоминаем, что указательное местоимение that (множественное число – those) так же как и местоимение “one” может заменять ранее упомянутое существительное.

Например:

1) My book is more interesting than Nick’s book.

My book is more interesting than that of Nick’s.

2) The picture in the first book is better than the picture in the second book.

The picture in the first book is better than that in the second book.

3) The laboratory of our institute is smaller than the laboratory in the clinic.

The laboratory of our institute is smaller than that in the clinic.

Ex. 10. Translate the sentences of ex. 9 into Russian.

Напоминаем, что подобно местоимению one местоимение that (those) как слово-заместитель либо заменяется существительным, либо вообще опускается при переводе.

Например:

My book is thinner than that of Nick’s.

Моя книга тоньше, чем (книга) Ника.

Ex. 11. Repeat the sentences after the teacher. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) The larynx tube is shorter than that of the trachea.

2) The symptoms resemble those of heart disorder.

3) The clinical signs of the disease in young pigs were similar to those in adult animals.

4) The foreign bodies in the pig’s stomach were smaller than those in the horse’s stomach.

Ex. 12. Replace the underlined nouns by the corresponding form of the pronoun that (those).

Model:

The pulse of the first patient was weaker than the pulse of the second patient.

The pulse of the first patient was weaker than that of the second patient.

1) The temperature of the first dog was higher than the temperature of the second one.

2) The symptoms of the first case resemble the symptoms of the second one.

3) The foreign bodies in the pig’s stomach were smaller than the foreign bodies in the horse’s stomach.

Ex. 13. Repeat the following sentences after the teacher.

These animals were given water.

Some animals were given water.

These clinical signs are very important.

Some clinical signs are very important.

Ex. 14. Translate the sentences of exercise 13 into Russian.

Напоминаем, что перед исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе местоимение some переводится на русский язык словами: некоторые, несколько.

Ex. 15. Repeat the following sentences after the teacher and translate them.

1) There are two new calves on the farm.

2) There are some new calves on the farm.

1) There are three animals in the clinic.

2) There are some animals in the clinic.

1) The student took two books from the table.

2) The student took some books from the table.

Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1) Some student came to the class-room.

2) Give me some pencil, please.

3) Take some book from the shelf.

4) Give me some new magazine.

Напоминаем, что местоимение some перед исчисляемым существительным в единственном числе переводится на русский язык словами: какой-то, какой-нибудь.

Ex. 17. Repeat the following sentences after the teacher.

1) I give some water to the animal.

2) Nick drank some milk.

3) Put some bread on the plate.

4) Give me some coffee, please.

Ex. 18. Translate the sentences of exercise 17 into Russian.

Напоминаем, что местоимение some перед неисчисляемыми существительными (вода, снег, чернила) следует переводить на русский язык словами: немного, сколько-нибудь.

Ex. 19. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1) Some organs of respiration were affected.

2) There were some sick animals on the farm.

3) Some students watched the operation.

4) I made some experiments yesterday.

5) He brought some books from the library.

6) Bring some water!

7) Ann took some butter from the plate.

8) Give me some paper!

Ex. 20. Complete the mini-dialogues according to the model. Remember that in question forms we use the pronoun “any” and in yes-answers we use the pronoun “some”.

Напоминаем, что в вопросительных предложениях употребляется форма any, а в вашем кратком утвердительном ответе следует употребить форму some.

Model Nr 1:

Are there any books on the table?

Yes, there are some.

1) Are there any books on the shelf?

2) Are there any animals in the clinic?

3) Are there any pencils in the box?

4) Are there any people in the laboratory?

5) Are there any students in the classroom?

Ex. 21 Complete the mini-dialogues according to the model.

Напоминаем, что отрицательное местоимение no отрицает существительное, стоящее после него. Артикль в этом случае не употребляется.

Model Nr 2:

Are there any books on the shelf?

There are no books on the shelf.

Text A
Respiratory System

The arrangement of the respiratory system resembles that of the digestive system because it consists of a tube lined with mucous membrane.

Respiratory system consists of the nasal cavity, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi and the lungs.

The lungs are the essential organs of respiration because all the other parts act as passages for inhalation and exhalation. The lungs are designated right and left. Three of tubes are found in the lungs:

1) the ramifications of the bronchial tubes;

2) the pulmonary arteries which carry dark red or impure blood;

3) the pulmonary veins which carry bright red or pure blood.

The bronchi are two in number and the right one is larger than the left one.

The trachea is a tube that connects the larynx with the lungs. It is formed of rings of cartilage, attached to each other by fibro-elastic membrane.

The larynx is a short tube which connects the pharynx with the trachea. It regulates the amount of air which passes to the lungs and prevents the aspiration of foreign bodies.

The pharynx is used for the passage of air as well as food.

The nasal cavity is a cylindric passage of the nose divided by the cartilaginous nasal septum into symmetric parts. It opens externally at the nostrils and communicates posteriorly with the pharynx.

Vocabulary List

to act

to attach

to carry

to communicate

to connect

to recommend

to regulate

coughing

lung

membrane

obstruction

passage

pharynx

sign

surgery

trachea

tube

bronchial

nasal

pharyngeal

pulmonary

pure

respiratory

occasionally

through

Ex. 22. Repeat the following words and word combinations after the teacher.

1) the arrangement of the respiratory system

2) mucous membrane

3) essential organs

4) to act as passages

5) inhalation

6) exhalation

7) impure blood

8) amount of air

9) a foreign body

10) to open externally

11) to communicate posteriorly

12) nasal septum

Ex. 23. Translate the word combinations from the exercise 22 into Russian.

Ex. 24. Answer the following questions in Russian.

1) Что общего имеют респираторная и пищеварительная системы?

2) Почему легкие можно считать важнейшим органом респираторной системы?

3) Каковы функции гортани?

4) Как образована трахея?

Ex. 25. Answer the following questions.

1) What organs does the respiratory system consist of?

2) Why are the lungs the essential organs of respiration?

3) How many systems of tubes are found in the lungs?

4) What are those systems?

5) Which of the bronchi is larger?

6) What is the trachea formed of?

7) What is the function of the larynx?

Ex. 28. Translate Text A into Russian.

Ex. 29. Read and translate Text B using a dictionary.

Text B
Pharyngeal Cyst

There are numerous causes of obstructions of the upper airway in the horse. One of the least frequently seen causes is the pharyngeal cyst. Clinical signs in the horse may resemble those of other, more frequently encountered conditions. Definitive diagnosis is possible only through endoscopic examination, or sometimes surgery. Clinical signs include coughing, regurgitation, poor condition and noisy breathing. Occasionally the horse may appear to be choking to death *.

Treatment. Laryngotomy is recommended.

* – задохнуться

Ex. 30. Translate the following word combinations into Russian.

1) upper airway

2) frequently encountered condition

3) definitive diagnosis

4) poor condition

5) noisy breathing

Ex. 31. Answer the following questions.

1) Are the causes of obstruction of the upper airway numerous?

2) What is the one of the least frequently seen cause of the obstruction of the upper airway?

3) What are the clinical signs of the condition?

4) What kind of treatment is recommended?

Ex. 32. Build up sentences of the following words.

1) That, of system, arrangement, digestive, of, to resemble, respiratory.

2) To resemble, pharyngeal, cyst, signs, the horse, clinical, of, in, those, of, condition, other.

Ex. 33. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Некоторые животные имели симптомы респираторного заболевания.

2) Некоторые органы прикреплены к костям фиброэластической тканью.

3) У нескольких животных был кашель.

Ex. 34. Translate the following sentences into English.

Симптомы у первого пациента походили на симптомы респираторного заболевания.

Левое легкое было поражено сильнее, чем правое легкое.

Слизистые оболочки глаза первого пациента были бледнее, чем слизистые оболочки второго пациента.

Ex. 35. Learn the vocabulary of the topic.

UNIT 5
RESPIRATION

Ex. 1. Repeat the following words after the teacher:

respiration, 'present, to pre'sent, 'presence, surgery, surgeon, surgical, hernia, drainage, carbon dioxide, pure oxygen, nitrogen, to diffuse, equilibrium, simultaneously, cecal, equine.

Ex. 2. Repeat the following words after the teacher and translate them into Russian:

drainage, to diffuse, equilibrium, process, gases, molecules, region, concentration, a second, two seconds, to restore, atmosphere, normality, metabolism.

Ex. 3. Read and translate the following words:

carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, metabolism.

Ex. 4. Remember the pronunciation of the following words, mind the difference:

to pre'sent (v)

'present, 'presence (n)

'present (adj)

'presently (adv)

Ex. 5. Find different parts of speech in the following words and name them:

surgery, surgeon, surgical, surgically.

Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the underlined words.

1) to present = to bring

The sick dog was presented to the veterinarian.

2) to complicate = to make complex or difficult

A virus disease was complicated by bacterial infection.

3) to form = to make up

Cancer formed in the lungs.

4) to apply = to put into practice

New methods of treatment were applied in this clinic.

5) to examine = to test (the condition)

Bacteria were examined under the microscope.

6) condition has three meanings: условие, состояние, заболевание

The disease will be treated on (upon) the condition (при условии) that you come to the clinic.

The general condition of the dog was good.

The condition is serious and makes a problem for the veterinarians.

7) A man has two legs and a horse has four legs.

8) fluid – жидкость

The weight of the body depends upon the fluid in the organism.

9) contents – содержимое

The contents of the stomach complicated its work in Duodenal Ulcers.

10) hernia – грыжа

Hernia may be umbilical and inguinal.

11) hospital = clinic

The patient was placed in the hospital.

12) Horse is a domesticated animal.

13) intestinal (adj) the Latin word

Intestinal organisms may be infectious.

14) abdominal – the Latin word

There are different abdominal organs.

15) surgical = operative

In appendicitis surgical method of treatment is used.

16) There are different medical problems.

17) cecal (adj) = blind, the Latin word – intestinum caecum

cecum (n) = blind intestine

Appendicitis is the inflammation of the cecum.

18) Horse diseases are called equine diseases.

19) There are many problems around this disease.

20) Intestines lie inside the abdomen.

21) to mention = to say about – упоминать

The lecturer mentioned the works of Pavlov in his report.

Ex. 7. Translate the sentences. Define the tenses.

1) The patient had improved his health by summer.

2) He had slept well before the surgeon came.

3) The pig had had the swine influenza before it was taken to the veterinarian.

4) The veterinarian had observed an unusual case of intestinal disorder (расстройство кишечника) before he reported of it at the conference.

Ex. 8. Read the sentences paying attention to the translation of the Object Clauses (придаточные дополнительные предложения). Compare (сравните) the tenses of the predicates in the main and subordinate clauses. Answer the questions:

Каким временем в дополнительном придаточном предложении выражается:

1) одновременность действия и каким временем она переводится на русский язык?

2) действие, предшествующее действию главного предложения?

3) действие, которое произойдет в будущем?

В чем заключается правило согласования времен?

Правило согласования времен касается только дополнительных придаточных предложений.

Ex. 9. Translate the sentences.

1) The veterinarians determined that the rate of heartbeat in dogs increate because of different exertions. (напряжения, нагрузки)

2) The doctor said that he had examined the patient a day before.

3) The surgeon considered that the operation would be successful.

4) It was estimated that blood was a fluid tissue

Ex. 10. Read the sentence and answer the questions.

The man you see in the classroom teaches us Anatomy.

1) Найдите подлежащее и сказуемое в этом предложении.

2) Сколько здесь предложений?

3) Какая зависимость между этими предложениями?

4) Что опущено между этими предложениями?

5) Как вы переведете все предложение?

Ex. 11. Read and compare the following sentences.

1) I know this dog is not ill.

2) The dog you know well is not ill.

Text A
Respiration

Respiration is the process by which air passes into and out of the lungs so that the blood in the lungs can expel the carbon dioxide and acquire pure oxygen.

A normal sample of air consists of nitrogen (78.09%), oxygen (20.93%), carbon dioxide (0.03%) and other gases (0.95%).

All the gases we mentioned have a strong tendency to “diffuse” or spread themselves out of regions in which they are highly concentrated to regions where their concentration is lower. If, for example, a flask with pure oxygen is opened to the air, the oxygen molecules will rush out from their region of high concentration to the air around where the concentration is lower. Simultaneously nitrogen molecules will rush from air to the region inside the flask, where theirconcentration is low. So, in a few seconds equilibrium will be restored. Thus the constitution of the atmosphere always tends to normality.

All animals need oxygen for the metabolism of body cells. The cells dispose of carbon dioxide which results from the metabolism. The exchange of the gases is termed respiration.

Vocabulary List

Verbs

to apply

to complicate

to examine

to form

to mention

to present

Nouns

condition

contents

fluid

hernia

horse

hospital

leg

problem

Adjectives

abdominal

cecal

equine

intestinal

medical

strong

surgical

Adverbs

around

inside

Ex. 12. Answer the following questions on Text A in English.

1) What is respiration?

2) What does a normal sample of air consist of?

3) What kind of tendency have all the gases?

4) Do all animals need oxygen for the metabolism of body cells?

5) What is the result of the metabolism?

Ex. 13. Characterize the process of respiration in Russian.

Ex. 14. Translate from English into Russian.

1) The exchange of gases takes place in the alveoli of the lungs.

2) The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is due to the difference of partial pressures of these gases in the alveolar air and in the venous blood.

3) The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air is higher than in the venous blood.

4) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the venous blood.

5) The process of transfer of gases into the atmosphere with a lower partial pressure is called diffusion.

Text B
Equine Cecal Fistula

A 3-year-old horse was presented to Veterinary Medical Hospital for surgical repair of an umbilical hernia complicated by an intestinal fistula. Approximately one and one half years previously the horse had been costrated under general anesthesia. At that time a hernia clamp had been applied to a reducible umbilical hernia. The clamp and hernia sac sloughed from the abdominal wall approximately two weeks later. However, intestinal contents were dripping from a fistula which had formed where the hernia clamp was applied. This drainage persisted and although it caused no apparent problems for the horse, the fluid caused considerable soiling (загрязнение) of the hind legs. When the animal was examined it was in good physical condition. Surgical treatment was used.

Ex. 15. Answer the following questions on Text B in English.

1) Who was presented to the Veterinary Medical Hospital?

2) What was the diagnosis?

3) What happened (случилось) to the horse?

4) In what physical condition was the horse?

5) What kind of treatment was used?

Ex. 16. Make up a dialogue between the owner of the horse and the veterinarian.

Ex. 17. Retell Text B in English.

Ex. 18. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1) Surgical repair of an umbilical hernia in the animal is not an easy task.

2) Approximately one and one half of years previously the horse had been castrated under general anesthesia.

3) A hernia clamp was applied to a reducible umbilical hernia.

4) A fistula had formed where the hernia clamp was applied.

5) When the animal was examined it was in good physical condition.

6) Surgical treatment was used.

Ex. 19. Translate into English.

1) Дыхание – это газообмен.

2) Воздух состоит из 78,09% азота, 20,93% кислорода, 0,03% двуокиси углерода и 0,95% других газов.

3) Все газы стремятся разместиться равномерно в атмосфере.

4) Для обмена веществ нужен кислород.

5) Больная лошадь была доставлена в клинику по поводу кишечной фистулы.

6) Когда вправляли грыжу, была наложена скоба.

7) Скоба соскользнула, и образовалась фистула в кишечнике.

8) Лошадь прооперировали.

UNIT 6
PARASITIC GASTRITIS

Ex. 1. Repeat the following words after the teacher:

worm, an adult, vary, approximately, similar, cycle, larvae, larva, resistance, environmental factors, sucker, digestive disturbances, persistent, profuse, diarrhea, loss of weight, rough, to allow, herd, malnutrition, recent.

Ex. 2. Repeat the following words after the teacher and translate them:

parasitic gastritis, stomach, anemia, digestive disturbances, anorexia, dehydration, parasitism, symptomatic therapy, chemotherapy.

Ex. 3. Find different parts of speech in the following words and name them:

resist, resistance, resistant, resistible, resistive, resistivity, resistless, resistor.

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the underlined words.

1) to allow = to permit – позволять

Veterinarians cannot allow the infection to present in the herd.

2) Bacteria vary in form.

3) none = not a one, single

Symptoms are to be controlled. None of the symptoms is to be missed (not examined).

4) degree – степень

Any disease varies in degree.

5) Digestive disturbances are very common.

6) The exposure of symptoms in rabies usually occurs in 3 to 9 days since the first sign.

7) environmental – относящийся к окружающей среде

Environmental factors must be always being paid attention to.

8) worm – червь

There are different kinds of worms in nature.

9) Loss of weight results from anorexia.

10) genus (pl. genera) – род, сорт (лат. происхождение)

There are two genera of stomach worms.

11) He is blond. His hair is light (white).

12) The resistance of the organism to the environmental factors is called immunity.

13) In peritonitis the operation is always necessary.

14) The basic symptoms in digestive disturbances are vomiting and diarrhea.

15) little – less – the least

The anemia is less marked in this case.

Ex. 5. Translate the words paying attention to the suffixes and prefixes:

doctor, teacher, worker, helper (assistant), professor, to reexamine, to replace, to rename, to reconstruct, to redo.

Ex. 6. Translate the following words and define the part of speech:

to work – the work; to help – the help; to act – the act.

Ex. 7. Form verbs from the following nouns and translate them:

a place, a group, a stand, a head, a form, an end.

Ex. 8. Form adverbs from the following words:

rapid, hour, day, great, normal, bad, real, short, beautiful, serious.

Ex. 9. Translate the following adjectives:

experimental, economic, practical, democratic, social, clinical.

Ex. 10. Translate the following combinations of nouns into Russian:

institute laboratory, virus infection, surface lesion.

Ex. 11. Listen to the sentences.

The teacher asks the student at the lesson.

The student asks the teacher at the lesson.

1) Чем отличаются эти предложения друг от друга? Влияет ли порядок слов на смысл английского предложения?

2) На каком месте стоит подлежащее? Сказуемое? Дополнение? Обстоятельство?

В следующих предложениях определите члены предложения и разместите их по графам таблицы.

1) The professor examines the animals at the end of a month.

2) The assistant helped the professor yesterday.

3) The students will see the operation tomorrow.

Ex. 12. Put the sentences into the Present Indefinite Tense.

1) Did the veterinarian examine the cow?

2) The students didn’t see the operation.

3) They did not come to the clinic.

4) Did you go to the polyclinic?

Ex. 13. Form new words and translate them:

1) The nouns by adding the suffix –er:

to examine, to lead, to teach, to organize.

2) The verbs by adding the prefix –re-:

to join, to operate, to group, to make, to place, to do.

3) The adverbs by adding the suffix –ly:

large, real, special, hour, day, month, week, slight, scientific, surgical.

4) The adjectives by adding the suffix –al:

clinic, environment, bronchi, pharynx, intestine, practice, experiment.

Ex. 14. Translate into Russian paying attention to the underlined words:

1) He presents his scientific work in Anatomy.

2) The presents he got were beautiful.

3) Bacteria form colonies in different parts of the body.

4) The form of a bacterium depends on its species.

Ex. 15. Read the following numerals:

12, 16, 140, 459, 10, 0.001, 0.04,, 52^nd, 11^th.

Ex. 16. Translate the pronouns in brackets into English.

1) I see (его) and (его) assistant.

2) We know (их) and (их) friends.

3) She teaches (нам) Anatomy.

4) (Наш) institute is in Moskovsky Prospect.

5) He likes (свою) work.

6) I see a car. I see (ее) well. (Ее) colour is brown.

7) Do you know (ее) and (ее) students?

8) He meets (меня) at the Institute.

Ex. 17. Explain the use or omission of articles.

1) Who treats tuberculosis?

2) They specialized as surgeons.

3) The doctor asked the nurse to prepare all the analyses necessary for the diagnosis.

4) Medical students study general subjects in the first and second year.

5) He is the best student among us.

Remember the exeption (исключение):

the grippe

The grippe is a rapidly spreading disease.

Ex. 18. Put the predicate in Future Tense using the substitutes of modal verbs.

1) The scientist can make the report at the conference.

2) The patient may speak.

3) The nurse must feed the sick dog.

Ex. 19. Define the type of the subordinate clauses and translate them.

1) We know well Servet was the first anatomist who described the pulmonary circulation.

2) The phenomenon of the transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs Sechenov investigated is due to the law of diffusion of gas from the fluid into the air.

3) The great English anatomist W. Harvey found out the heart changed its colour during the contractions.

4) The condition of the patient we are treating has become better.

Ex. 20. Finish the sentences choosing the appropriate clause.

1) The patient stated that…

a) he had pneumonia two years before;

b) he has pneumonia.

2) The doctor knew that…

a) the white blood cell count will be normal;

b) the white blood cell count would be normal.

3) The scientists established that…

a) hemoglobin was the carrier of oxygen;

b) hemoglobin is the carrier of oxygen.

Text A
Parasitic Gastritis

1. The most important stomach worms are (1) Haemonchus placei (large stomach worm or wire worm), (2) Ostertagia ostertagi (medium stomach worm or brown stomach worm) and (3) Trichostrongylus axei (small stomach worm).

2. The adults of Haemonchus vary in length from 3/4 to 1 1/2 inches. Ostertagia adults are approximately 1/4 inch in length and Trichostrongylus about 1/2 inch. All three have very similar life cycles.

3. Infective larvae vary in their resistance to environmental factors, but those of Ostertagia are more resistant than those of the other two genera, especially to low temperatures.

4. Symptoms. Since all three of these stomach worms are bloodsuckers, anemia is one of the most outstanding symptoms of parasitic gastritis. The anemia will vary greatly in degree, but it is usually less marked in Trichostrongylus infections and most marked in heavy Haemonchus infections. Digestive disturbances are common. A persistent and profuse watery diarrhea almost always accompanies heavy Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus infections. Other symptoms include progressive loss of weight, weakness, rough hair coat, anorexia and dehydratation.

5. Control. In preventive control it is necessary that none of the basic causes of the development of clinical parasitism be allowed to exist in a herd. These conditions are:

1) the initial exposure to a large number of infecting organisms;

2) lowered resistance as the result of malnutrition or recent infections.

6. In corrective control it is necessary that the animals be kept alive by specific or symptomatic therapy until these conditions can be corrected. Chemotherapy is a major part of the correction of parasitic gastritis in a herd.

Vocabulary List

Verbs

to allow

to vary

Nouns

control

degree

disturbance

exposure

genus

hair

resistance

symptom

weight

worm

Adjectives

basic

environmental

less

Pronoun

none

Preposition

since

Ex. 21. Answer the following questions on Text A in English.

1) What are the most important stomach worms?

2) How do the worms vary in length?

3) How do the infective larvae vary in their resistance to environmental factors?

4) What are the basic symptoms of parasitic gastritis?

5) What kind of diarrhea accompanies the disease?

6) What is necessary in preventive control?

7) What is necessary in corrective control?

8) Is chemotherapy a major part of the correction of the problem of parasitic gastritis in a herd?

Ex. 22. Characterize the disease of parasitic gastritis in Russian.

Ex. 23. Translate from English into Russian.

1) The most important stomach worms are large stomach worms and medium stomach worms.

2) Infective larvae vary in their resistance to environmental factors.

3) Medium stomach worms are more resistant than those of the other genera.

4) Anemia is one of the basic symptoms of parasitic gastritis.

5) In men and animals digestive disturbances are common, especially a persistent and profuse watery diarrhea.

6) Other symptoms in parasitic gastritis are progressive loss of weight, weakness, anorexia and dehydratation.

7) In preventive control it is necessary to keep animals alive by specific or symptomatic therapy.

8) Chemotherapy is a major part of the correction of the problem of parasitic gastritis in a herd.

Text B
Leeches

A) Imagine having a bloodsucking worm attached to your body – by a doctor! It may sound incredible, but it happens, and it’s known as leech therapy.

B) Leeches are a type of earthworm, and their use in medicine dates back 2,500 years. In Europe, the surgical removal of a patient’s blood using leeches was practiced widely until the 19th century. They were thought to cure many things, including headaches, obesity, eye disorders and mental illness. For most of the 20th century the use of leeches went out of fashion, but since developments in microsurgery in the 1980s, they have been making a comeback.

C) Leeches are often used today in plastic or reconstructive surgery, especially where a part of the body, such as a finger, hand, toe, or ear has become severed and has to be re-attached. This is how it works: sometimes a patient’s veins are unable to take blood away from the body part and so the blood builds up, causing “venous congestion”. When this happens, the re-attached part of the body turns blue and lifeless, and is at risk of being lost. Leeches attached to the body will suck the blood away, allowing the re-attached body part to survive until the veins begin to work normally.

D) The leech bite doesn’t hurt because leech saliva contains a natural anaesthetic. Leech saliva also contains substances which prevent the blood from clotting, and dilate the blood vessels to increase blood flow. When a leech is full of blood it simply falls off.

E) Leeches are inexpensive to buy, and easy to look after. And studies have shown that leech therapy can double the success rate of transplanted tissue flaps – for example, where a flap of skin is taken from one area of the body to cover a defect or injury in another area, as in facial reconstruction following cancer. This is a much higher success rate than that achieved through drugs or further surgery.

F) As you might imagine, patients are often disgusted at the thought of having slimy worms attached to their wounds. But when the benefits are explained to them they usually accept the treatment – most would rather have leech therapy than lose a part of their body.

G) However, there can be problems. Hazards associated with leech therapy include infection, excessive blood loss that may require blood transfusion, and allergic reactions. Sometimes the leeches slip off patients and re-attach themselves to other parts of the body that are not in need of treatment. Once they are full, leeches will look for a warm, dark place to digest their meal, and may burrow into wounds or enter the patient’s mouth or other orifices. To prevent escapes, nurses must keep careful count of the leeches.

Ex.24. Read the Text B. Match each topic below with a paragraph (A-G).

1) Problems with leech therapy. _____

2) How leech therapy works. _____

3) Patient reaction to leeches. _____

4) History of leech therapy. _____

5) Benefits of using leeches. _____

Ex. 25. Find words in the text with the following meanings:

1) to make something become bigger or wider;

2) cut off;

3) dangers;

4) outer openings in the body;

5) a state of being blocked or too full;

6) having a feeling of extreme dislike.

Ex. 26. In your own words, explain:

1) the job that leeches do;

2) some benefits and dangers of using leeches.

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