BRITISH ECONOMY

The traditional economic strength of Britain, as a pioneer in the industrial revolution, has been manufacturing (iron and steel engineering, textiles, chemicals, food products and consumer goods).

Britain lives by industry and trade. It is a highly developed industrial country, known as one of the largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment.

It is the world’s third largest trading nation. It sells motor-cars, chemicals, cotton and woolen fabrics, electrical machinery, glass ware and leather goods.

Britain doesn't produce enough food for its people. Much is imported from other countries. Sheep-farming, cattle-farming, dairy -fanning are important branches of the British economy. The main crops grown there are wheat, barley, oats and potatoes. Sea fishing is important in Scotland and in the north-east of England.

Consumer goods -потребительские товары

Trade -торговля

Fabrics -ткани

Dairy -молочные продукты

Branches -отрасли

Crops -сельскохозяйственные культуры

wheat -пшеница

Barley -ячмень

Oats –овес

AT THE HOTEL

When people travel on business or for pleasure, they have to think of accommodation. As a rule they telephone the hotel to reserve a room in advance. There are different kinds of rooms: single, double and de luxe. When you arrive at the hotel, you come up to the receptionist. He asks you to fill in a registration card. The porter helps you with the luggage. You unlock the door and unpack the suitcase.

You can call the room service for dinner. Different meals are served at hotels. A continental breakfast usually consists of coffee and bread. You may take a bun, a roll, a croissant or bread and butter and cheese. As to drinks, you may enjoy some juice, coffee, tea, milk or chocolate. Some people prefer full breakfast with porridge, cornflakes, eggs and ham or bacon.

The services offered to you at hotels make you enjoy every minute of your staying there.

Accommodation - жилье, номер в гостинице

То reserve - заказывать

A double room - двухместный номер

A receptionist - администратор

То unlock - открывать

То unpack - распаковывать

Meals - приемы пищи

A bun, a roll - булочка

Porridge - овсяная каша

Service - обслуживание

PASSPORT AND CUSTOMS CONTROL

Nowadays people who go on business mostly travel by air as it is the fastest means of travelling. Landing formalities and customs regulations are more or less the same in all countries. While the passenger is still on board the stewardess gives him an arrival card to fill in. He must fill in his name, birth date, nationality, occupation, passport information and visa information, home address. After the passenger has disembarked, officials will check his passport and visa. In some countries they will check the passenger’s certificate of vaccination. Then the passenger goes to the customs for an examination of his luggage.

As a rule personal belongings may be brought in duty free. If the traveller has nothing to declare he may just go through “the green” section of the customs. In some cases the customs inspector may ask you to open your bags for inspection.

To pass the passport and customs control you must be able to answer the following questions:

Where are you going?

How long are you going to stay?

What is the purpose of your visit?

Can I see your vaccination certificate?

Is this your suitcase?

Have you got anything to declare?

Have you got any things liable to duty?

How many packets of cigarettes have you got?

English Meals

Four meals a day are served traditionally in Great Britain: breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner. In many countries breakfast is a snack rather than a meal, but the English breakfast is a full meal. The usual English breakfast is porridge, bacon and eggs, marmalade or jam with buttered toast, and tea or coffee. For a change, they can have a boiled egg, cold ham, or fish.

The English have lunch at one o'clock. It starts with soup or fin it juice. Then comes meat or fish with vegetables. Finally, they have sweets, biscuits or cold fruit salad and a cup of coffee. Some people like beer with lunch.

Tea, the third meal of the day, is taken between four and five o'clock. Friends often come for a chat while they have their cup of tea, cake or biscuit. It is a very light and the most informal meal of the day.

Dinner is the biggest meal of the day. The usual time is about 7 o'clock and all the members of the family sit down together. The first course is soup. Then comes the second course; fish or meat. Then the dessert is served. Some people have dinner in the middle of the day instead of lunch. They have tea between 5 and 6 with an omelette, or sausages or fried fish and chips. Then before going to bed, they may have a snack or supper - a cup of hot milk with a sandwich or biscuit.

a snack-легкая еда, закуска

for a change – для разнообразия

a boiled egg – варенное яйцо

vegetables - овощи

a chat – разговор, болтовня

light - легкий

instead of - вместо

biscuits - печенье

sausages – колбаса, сосиски

MONEY SYSTEM

Money is used for buying and selling, measuring values and storing wealth. Almost every society now has money economy based on coins and paper notes. Paper money is easy to handle and very convenient in the modern world. Cheques, cards and credit cards are often used, too. Each country has its own system of money. The modern decimal coinage of the UK was introduced in 1971. Britain's currency is the pound sterling (£) which is divided into 100 pence (p). English bank notes and coins have the Queen's head on one side.

Nowadays coins and bank notes are less used than in the past. The English prefer to use "plastic money": various plastic cards (credit cards, cash cards, cheque cards and others). Many major banks in Britain have cash point machines for using a credit card or a PIN(personal identification number).

Banks offer a wide range of services: personal loans, standing orders, personal pensions, executor services and overdraft facilities, When you want to save and get a good return on your money you can open a high-interest deposit account, you can also cash a cheque there.

measuring values – измерение ценностей

storing wealth – хранение богатств

coins - монеты

paper notes – купюры, банкноты

to handle - обращаться

decimal coinage – десятичная денежная система

currency - валюта

cash-point machines - банкоматы

loans - ссуды

standing order –постоянное платежное поручение

executor services – услуги душеприказчика

to save – копить, сберегать

a high-interest deposit account – высокопроцентный депозитный счет

overdraft facilities – превышение кредита

BANKS AND BUSINESS.

Banks are different in different countries. Let's speak about the banks in the USA. The commercial banks are classified into two main groups. First, there are national banks. They are charted and supervised by the Federal Government. Second, there are State banks. They are charted and supervised by the state where they are operated. All commercial banks can make loans and borrowings. Major commercial banks in such cities as Tokyo, Paris, Rio cooperate with each other. In this way they finance imports and exports between countries.

An importer buys merchandise from another country using the currency of that country. For that purpose he buys their currency from the foreign exchange department of this bank. And it is the same way if an exporter receives money from sales to other countries; he sells this currency to this bank. By this method the currency of any country can usually be exchanged.

To be supervised - находиться под наблюдением

Loan - ссуда

Borrowing - заем

Merchandise - товары

Sales - распродажа

1. We thank you for your letter of the 1st October - Благодарим за ваше письмо от 1 октября.

2. We learn your address from... - Мы узнали Ваш адрес от...

3. We are pleased to learn... - Мы (были) рады узнать....

(Мы с удовольствием узнали)

4. We ask you to send us... - Просим прислать нам

5. Please, send us... - Просим прислать нам

6. We shall be glad if you will send us... - Мы будем признательны, если Вы

пришлете нам...

7. We enclose with the letter... - К письму (мы) прилагаем

8. We are looking forward to your reply. - С нетерпением ожидаем Вашего ответа.

9. Yours faithfully... - С уважением...

10. Please, let us know... - Пожалуйста, сообщите нам...

11. We are prepared (to do smth.) - Мы готовы (сделать что-л).

12. We wish to inform you... - Сообщаем Вам... We should (would) like to inform you...

13. We have to inform you... - Сообщаем Вам...(что-нибудь неприятное)

14. in reply to your letter... - В ответ на Ваше письмо...

15. We are pleased to offer you... - Имеем удовольствие предложить Вам...

16. As stated above... - Как указывалось выше...

17. In view of the above... - Ввиду выше изложенного...

18. We are pleased to offer you as follows:... - Имеем удовольствие предложить Вам

следующее:...

19. The advertisement said... - В рекламе говорилось...

20. Payment is to be made... - Платеж производится... Shipment is to be made... - Отгрузка производится...

A Letter of Credit is to be opened... -Аккредитив открывается...

21. You are open a Letter of Credit in our favour -Вы открываете аккредитив на наше имя

(in Sojuzexport's favour). (на имя Союз-экспорта)

22. The Buyers are to open a Letter of Credit -Покупатель открывает аккредитив на 80%
For 80 percent of the value of the contract. стоимости контракта (...на полную

(...for the full value of the contract). Стоимость контракта).

23. The firm is to open a Letter of Credit for 80 - Фирма открывает аккредитив на 80% percent of the value of the goods intended for стоимости товара, предназначенного shipment. к отгрузке.

24. We shall ship the goods upon receipt of your - Мы отгрузим товар по получении ваших instructions. инструкций.

25. The firm needs the goods for shipment in ~ Фирме нужен товар с отгрузкой в апреле April (...for immediate shipment). (...с немедленной отгрузкой).

26. These terms go against our usual practice. - Эти условия противоречат нашей практике.

27. Yours truly. -С уважением.

28. We shall deliver the machines in 3 lots of 5 - Мы поставим машины тремя партиями по 5 machines each. машин каждая.

29. This offer is made without (any) obligation -Это предложение делается без

on our part. обязательства

This offer is made without (any) engagement on our part.

30. This offer is made subject to prior sale. - Эта оферта действительна лишь в том This offer is made subject to the goods случае, если товар еще не будет продан being unsold. (по получении вашего ответа).

31. This offer is made subject to your - Это предложение делается при условии confirmation by (letter, cable) within... вашего подтверждения (письмом,

телеграммой) в течение...

32. This offer is made subject to your -Это предложение делается при условии acceptance by cable... вашего акцептования по телеграфу...

33. We are holding this offer open for your -Мы держим это предложение открытым acceptance until... для вашего акцептования...

34. We make this offer firm subject to your -Мы делаем это предложение твердо при confirmation. условии вашего подтверждения.

35. We regret to inform you that... -Мы с сожалением сообщаем вам, что...

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