GRAPHICAL RULES

Vowel № 1/i:/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 1 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter e in open and historically open syllables (be, meter, these, theme);

2. the digraphs: ее – meet, see, feel, tree

ea – meat, seat, peace

ie – piece, field, believe

ei – ceiling, receive

Rare Spellings: people, key, breathe, wreathe.

/i:/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

2. No sweet without some sweat.

3.Extremes meet.

Vowel № 2/I/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 2 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letters i, у in stressed closed syllables (myth, syllable);

2. y, ey when unstressed (city, baby, money, family, hockey, valley);

3. ai when unstressed (fountain, mountain, portrait, captain);

4. the letter e in prefixes (before, begin, decide).

Rare Spelling: busy, build, biscuit, foreign, women, coffee.

/I/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. As fitas a fiddle.

2. As busy as a bee.

3. Littlepitches have big ears.

Vowel № 3 /e/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 3 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter e in closed accented syllables (red, better);

2. the digraph ea before d (bread, head, dead);

th (breath, death, weather).

Irregular Spelling; deaf, heavy, measure, pleasure, pleasant, health, wealth, meant, breakfast, weapon.

Rare Spelling: any, man, friend, says, said.

/e/ inproverbs and sayings:

1. Many men, many minds.

2. Better to do well, than to say well.

3. Better late than never, but never late is better.

4. All is well, that ends well.

Vowel № 4 /{/

Graphical Rules;

Vowel № 4 is represented in spelling by:

the letter a in closed syllables (lad, glad, scratch, cramped).

NOTE. A number of three-syllable words with the accented letter a in an open syllable fall under this rule (family, cavity, vanity).

/{/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. No living man all things can.

2. Who chatters to you will chatter of you.

3. He that hatches matches hatches catches.

Vowel № 5 /A:/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 5is represented in spelling by:

1. the digraph ar (cart, party);

2. the letter a followed by

ss – pass, glass sp – grasp, clasp

st – past, fast ft – after, craft

sk – ask, basket th – path, father

3. a followed by lf, lm (half, calf, calm, palm);

4. ance, and in words of French origin (France, glance, demand, command) when stressed.

Rare Spelling: aunt, draught, clerk, heart, hearth, bazaar, drama, aria, tomato, banana, garage, moustache, vase.

/A:/ in proverbs and savings:

1. He laughs best who laughs last.

2. After a storm comes a calm.

3. Each dog barks in his own yard.

4. Art is long, life is short.

Vowel № 6 /Q/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 6 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter o in closed stressed syllables (not, office);

2. the digraph wa (was, want, wasp);

3. qua (quality, quantity) except quarter.

Rare Spelling: because, cough, knowledge, sausage.

/Q/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. Honesty is the best policy.

2.A little pot is soon hot.

3. Be slow to promise and quick to perform.

4. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

Vowel № 7 /O:/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 7 is represented in spelling by:

1. oor, our, oar (floor, door, your, course, board);

2..the digraph or third syllable type (port, sort);

3. a followed by ll, l + cons. (all, tall, salt, chalk, wall);
4. ough, augh + t (thought, bought, caught, taught);

5. war (warm, ward).

Irregular readings: our, flour, sour, poor.

/O:/ in proverbs and sayings:

It never rains but it pours.

Vowel № 8 /U/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 8 is represented in spelling by:

1. the digraph oo followed by k (book, look, took);

2. the letter u after p, b, f (pull, bull, full).

Irregular Reading: but, bus, butter.

Rare Spelling: could, should, would, wolf, bouquet.

/U/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. A good beginning makes a good ending.

2. A good cook never cooks while looking into a cookery book.

3. Look before you leap.

Vowel № 9 /u:/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 9 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter u in open syllables (tune, due, puny)

NOTE: It sounds /u:/ preceded by l, j, r (June, rule, blue, true);

2. the digraphs eu_, ew (neutral, feudal, few, new);

3. ui (suit, fruit, cruise);

4. the digraph ou in words of French origin (group, soup, route, youth, wound, rouge, you).

Rare Spelling: shoe, beauty, queue, who, whom, whose, do, to, two, tomb.

/u:/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. No news is good news.

2. Bad news has wings.

3. That’s where the shoe pinches.

Vowel № 10 /V/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 10 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter u in stressed syllables (hurry, uncle, consult);

2. о followed by m, n, v, th (come, some, son, ton, love, govern, mother, other);

3. the digraph ou followed by gh, bl(e), pl(e) (tough, enough, trouble, double, couple);

4. ou + other consonants (country, courage, cousin, youth, southern).

Rare and irregular spelling: blood, flood, worry, shove.

/V/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. So many countries so many customs.

2. Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.

3. Love me, love my dog.

4. When two Sundays come together.

5. A storm in a tea-cup.

6. A man is known by the company he keeps.

7. As hungry as a hunter.

Vowel № 11 /3:/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 11 is represented in spelling by:

1. e, i, u, у followed by r third syllable type (term, service, bird, stir, fir, nurse, fur, turn);

2. ear + consonant (earth, heard).

Irregular readings: heart, hearth, worn, work, worst.

/3:/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. It’s an early bird that catches the first worm.

2. First come, first served.

3. Live and learn.

Vowel № 12 /@/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 12 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter a in prefixes (about, asleep);

2. in suffixes er, or, ar, oar, ou s (teacher, doctor, cellar, flavour, famous);

3. a, o, u non-accented (sofa, atom, column).

Diphthong № 13 /eI/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 13 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter "a" in open syllables (take, lake);

2. the digraphs ai, ay (main, plain, may, play);

3. ei, ey (veil, vein, neighbour, grey, they, convey).

Irregular Readings: key, height.

/eI/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. Make hey while the sun shines.

2. Make haste slowly.

3. Haste makes waste.

4. No gains without some pains.

Diphthong № 14 /@U/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 14 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter o in open syllables (go, home, moment);

2. the letter o followed by ll, ld, st (polk, roll, old, told, most, post);

3. the digraph ow (low, show, know, tomorrow);

4. the digraph oa (boat, road, load);

5. the letter о in word-final unstressed syllables (hero, photo, potato).

Exceptions to memorize: now, how, cow, row, brow, bow.

Irregular Spelling: shoulder, poultry, soul, owe, mould.

/@U/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. As you sow you shall mow./As you sow, so shall you reap.

2. True love never grows old.

3. When at Rome do as Romans do.

4. Be slow to promise and quick to perform.

Diphthong № 15 /aI/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 15 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letters i, у in stressed open syllable (lie, fly, final, lime);

2. igh followed by t (light, night, sight);

3. the letter i followed by ld, nd (child, wild, kind, blind).

Irregular Spelling: either, neither.

Irregular Readings: wind, city, pity.

Diphthong № 16 /aU/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 16 is represented in spelling by:

1. the digraph ou (out, thousand, stout);

2. the digraph ow (town, down, towel).

Irregular Spelling: drought, bough, plough.

/aU/ in proverbs and sayings;

1. A sound mind in a sound body.

2. Every cloud has a silver lining.

3. Actions speak louder than words.

4. To come out dry.

5. When angry, count a hundred.

Diphthong № 17 /OI/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 17 is represented in spelling by:

the digraph oi, oy (oil, boil, toy, oyster).

Irregular Readings: tortoise.

/OI/ in proverbs and sayings:

The voice of one man is the voice of no man.

Diphthong № 18 /I@/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 18 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter combinations ere, ear, eer (here, sphere, hear, dear, fear, deer, beer, pioneer);

2. the letter combination ier (pier, fierce, cashier);

3. the letter e in open accented syllables + r (era, hero, period, serious).

Rare Spelling: theory, museum, theatre, idea, beard, real.

/I@/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. Neither here nor there.

2. Experience is the best teacher.

3. To be up to the ears in love.

Diphthong № 19 /e@/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 19 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter combinations are, air (hare, fare, care, prepare, hair, chair, air);

2. the letter a in open accented syllable followed by r (vary, Mary, parent, variant).

NOTE. Mind the rr case: marry, parrot.

Irregular Spelling: are, bear, wear, tear, where, there.

/e@/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. Where there's a will, there's a way.

2. After rain comes fair weather.

3. If you run after two hares, you'll catch neither.

Diphthong № 20 /U@/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 20 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter combination ure (cure, pure, sure);

2. the letter u in open accented syllable (fury, during).

Rare Spelling: poor, moor, tour, Europe.

Irregular Readings: to bury.

/U@/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. What can't be cured must be endured.

2. Slow but sure.

3. Curiosity killed a cat.

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