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Adjectives and Adverbs
Some adverbs are formed from an adjective + -ly: happy ― happily, etc. When an adjective already ends in –ly (cowardly, daily, friendly, kindly, lively, lonely) we don’t add –ly to it to make an adverb. Instead we can use a prepositional phrase with the words fashion, manner, or way:
He smiled at me in a friendly way.
She waved her hands around in a lively fashion.
| N + -ly = Adj in a [Adj] manner/way = Adv | Adj = Adv (in form) | ||
| N | Adj | Adv (phrase) | |
| man woman friend coward life love mother father brother sister king soldier sick | manly womanly friendly cowardly lively lovely motherly fatherly brotherly sisterly kingly soldierly sickly silly | in a manly way in a womanly way in a friendly way in a cowardly way in a lively way in a lovely way in a motherly way in a fatherly way in a brotherly way in a sisterly way in a kingly way in a soldierly way in a sickly way in a silly way | better best daily early fast hourly monthly weekly worse worst yearly |
Most participle adjectives ending in –ed don’t have an adverb form and we can use a similar prepositional phrase:
They rose to greet me in a subdued manner.
She walked around the room in an agitated way. (or in agitation.)
However, some do have an adverb form with –ly, including the following common ones: allegedly, belatedly, contentedly, dejectedly, deservedly, excitedly, hurriedly, markedly, pointedly, repeatedly, reportedly, reputedly, supposedly, unexpectedly, wholeheartedly, wickedly:
The weather had turned unexpectedly stormy.
Some adverbs have two forms, one ending in –ly and the other ― without it: cheap(ly), clean(ly), clear(ly), fine(ly), slow(ly), thin(ly). These pairs of adverbs usually have different meanings. Compare:
| We live close to the church (=near). | The prisoners were guarded closely (= very attentively). |
| The rain stopped dead (suddenly and completely). I am dead certain (= completely) / dead tired / dead asleep / dead drunk / dead calm / dead sure / dead right. | He is deadly serious (= very). She is deadly pale today (= like death). (adj) deadly poison / deadly struggle (adj) a deadly sin (= mortal) |
| He pushed his stick deep into the sand (= to a great depth). | He wasdeeplyoffended (= very). I am deeply privileged. |
| ‘Do I have to change trains in Leeds?’ ‘No, you can go direct (= without stopping)’. | I’ll be with you directly(= very soon). He saw Susan directly(= straight) ahead. |
| Just take it easy (= remain calm) and tell us exactly what happened. Easy does it = тише едешь, дальше будешь | I can easily finish it today (= without difficulty). She is easily the best student in the class. (= undoubtfully) |
| You must play fair. (= in a just or honest manner, or according to the rules) | Cut the meat fairly small, but not too small. (= to some degree, rather, quite) |
| She worked really hard and passed her exams. | The telephone line was so bad, I could hardly (= only just) hear what he was saying. |
| He kicked the ball high over the goal. | Everyone thinks highly of her teaching. (= they praise her for it). |
| She was sitting just here (= exactly) | As you justly observed (= rightly, correctly) |
| They stayed up late to watch the election results on television. (= after the usual, arranged, or expected time) | I’ve been feeling very well lately (= in the recent past and up until now). |
| They live quite near(her) (= not far from, close to). | He was nearly as tall as his friend (= not exactly, approximately). |
| It’s pretty cold today. (= quite, rather) | She smiledprettily. The room was prettilydecorated. |
| The meeting starts at 3 o’clock sharp (= exactly). Turn sharp right at the crossroads (= suddenly and quickly). | · “Don’t talk nonsense”, she said sharply · (= suddenly and rather firmly or angrily) |
| They cut short their holiday when John became ill. (= went home early) | The speaker will be arriving shortly (= soon). Please take your seats. |
| The windows were shut tight against the rain (= shut very firmly). | I wouldn’t like to live in a society, which is very tightly controlled(= closely, firmly). |
| The door was wide (= completely) open so I just went straight in. | It won’t be difficult to get the book. It’s widely available. (= in many places) |
Remember that good is an adjective and well is an adverb:
I asked Francis to clean the car, and he did a good job. / and he did the job well.
However, well is also an adjective meaning healthy:
You’re not looking too well. Are you okay?
I don’t feel very well today.
Note that after the link verbs look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem we use adjectives, not adverbs:
She looks nice / bad / pale / awful / strange.
It smells sweet / horrible / bad / wonderful.
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