|
|||||||
АвтоАвтоматизацияАрхитектураАстрономияАудитБиологияБухгалтерияВоенное делоГенетикаГеографияГеологияГосударствоДомДругоеЖурналистика и СМИИзобретательствоИностранные языкиИнформатикаИскусствоИсторияКомпьютерыКулинарияКультураЛексикологияЛитератураЛогикаМаркетингМатематикаМашиностроениеМедицинаМенеджментМеталлы и СваркаМеханикаМузыкаНаселениеОбразованиеОхрана безопасности жизниОхрана ТрудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПриборостроениеПрограммированиеПроизводствоПромышленностьПсихологияРадиоРегилияСвязьСоциологияСпортСтандартизацияСтроительствоТехнологииТорговляТуризмФизикаФизиологияФилософияФинансыХимияХозяйствоЦеннообразованиеЧерчениеЭкологияЭконометрикаЭкономикаЭлектроникаЮриспунденкция |
WORD ORDER
In English we distinguish between direct and indirect (inverted) word order: 1) direct ― Subject ― Predicate ― Object (declarative sentences); 2) indirect (inversion of some parts for greater emphasis or with a special grammatical or communicative value). Inversion can be of two types: ― full (when the predicate precedes the subject); ― partial (when only part of the predicate precedes the subject). Inverted word order fulfils three following functions: 1. Grammatical a) in questions: Is he at home? b) in exclamatory sentences which are negative in form but positive in meaning: Doesn't she sing beautifully! c) in conditional clauses introduced asyndetically: Had he gone to her aid he would only have got himself caught. d) in adverbial clauses of concession(if the predicative is a noun the article is omitted): Child though he is, he is completely aware of the situation. Tired though he was, he continued walking. e) in the author's words in direct speech: "Be quick!", said Pat. But: “Be quick!”, he said (no inversion when the subject is a pronoun). f) in stage directions: Enter Napoleon. Exit Lady Hummond. 2. Communicative (in order to provide the final position for the rheme, the most important communicative part — this is the so-called end-focus) a) In sentences with the introductory there, here: There were not too many people at the zoo. b) In sentences beginning with adverbial modifiers, often protracted: At a square table, on a stiff armchair of black wood sat Mr. Johnson. c) In sentences beginning with so or neithe r (showing that the remark applies equally to someone or something else): I like this melodical sound very much. — So do I. But! We do not use inversion when so is used for emphatic confirmation. You have stained your blouse with cherry. ― Oh, so I have. 3. Emphatic (to make any part of the sentence prominent by putting it in an unusual position) In sentences beginning with: a) negative words never, not,not only, not once, on no condition, on no account, no sooner, under no circumstances: Never has she spoken with so much confidence. b) semi-negative time adverbials: seldom, scarcely, hardly, rarely: Hardly had we entered the house when the storm began. c) words of restrictive meaning: well, many, little: Little do they know about her. Well do I remember her. d) after only +time expression: Only then did they realize their mistake. Only when she came home did she realize that she had lost her purse. But: Only Mary knows the answer (no inversion here). e) words like so and such followed by that: So dangerous did the weather become, that all the flights were cancelled. Note: The inversion is partial here! f) in sentences beginning with a predicative, adverbial modifier of manner or a postposition. Tall and graceful was Jim. Up flew the plane. But: Up it flew.
Поиск по сайту: |
Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав. Студалл.Орг (0.004 сек.) |