Task II. Complete the following sentences

1. A civil case is a dispute between _____________.

2. The party bringing the suit is called _____________.

3. The party being sued is called ____________.

4. The plaintiff starts the lawsuit by filing _______________.

5. The defendant files the answer in which he ______________.

6. The defendant may also file a counterclaim if he ______________.

7. The plaintiff must prove the case against _______________.

8. The plaintiff must meet a burden of ______________.

9. In most civil cases the plaintiff proves the case by a preponderance of evidence, that is ___________.

10. A criminal case is brought by __________________.

11. The party bringing a criminal action is called ________________.

12. The accused person in a criminal action is called ___________.

13. The charge against the defendant is called _____________.

14. You should presume the defendant’s innocence unless _________.

15. The plaintiff must prove the case against the defendant beyond __________.

16. The plaintiff’s burden of proof in a criminal case is ____________.

Task III. Answer the following questions on the text.

1. What is a civil case?

2. What is the party bringing a civil action called?

3. What is a defendant?

4. How does a plaintiff start the lawsuit?

5. What is a civil complaint?

6. What paper does the defendant file?

7. What is an answer?

8. In what case is the counterclaim filed?

9. Who must prove the case?

10. How must the plaintiff prove the case against the defendant?

11. What is a criminal case?

12. What is a party bringing a criminal action called?

13. What is the accused person in a criminal action called?

14. What paper is filed by the prosecution?

15. What is an information?

16. What is presumed throughout the trial?

17. How does the prosecution prove the case against the defendant?

18. Why is the plaintiff’s burden of proof greater in a criminal case?

19. Have we got the same distinction between criminal and civil cases in Russia?

Task IV. Explain what the following means:

1. An action.

2.

3. Burden of proof.

4. Criminal complaint.

5. Civil complaint.

6. Counterclaim.

7. Damages.

8. Defendant (crim.).

9. Defendant (civil).

10. Impeachment of a witness.

11. Information.

12. Presumption of innocence.

13. Direct examination.

14. Cross-examination.

Task V. Have you had an experience of attending or participating in the trial? Share your experience with a person sitting next to you.

Task VI. Give a summary of the text “Kinds of Cases”.

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