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Separation of White Light into Colored Light

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Light that contains many colors, such as sunlight, appears white. When white light passes through a prism-shaped transparent block, the prism separates the light into a spectrum of different colors. The prism separates the light by refracting, or bending, light of different colors at different angles. Rays of red light bend the least and rays of violet light bend the most.

 

 

Circle

Circle, in geometry, plane curve such that each point on the curve is the same distance from a fixed point. This point is called the center of the circle. The circle belongs to the class of curves known as conic sections because a circle can be described as the intersection of a right circular cone with a plane that is perpendicular to the axis of the cone (see Geometry: Conic Sections).

Any line segment that passes through the center and is terminated by the circle is called a diameter of the circle. A radius is a line segment from the center of the circle to the perimeter of the circle. A chord is any straight-line segment that is intercepted by the circle. An arc of a circle is a portion lying between two points on the circle. A central angle is an angle with the vertex at the center of the circle and with sides forming radii of the circle. A central angle is subtended by the arc that lies between the points at which the central angle's sides intersect the circle.

Of all plane figures having the same perimeter, the circle has the greatest area. The ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle is a constant designated by the symbol p, or pi. Pi is one of the most important mathematical constants, and plays a role in many calculations and proofs in mathematics, physics, engineering, and other sciences. Pi is approximately 3.141592, although 3.1416 and even 3‡ are sufficiently accurate for ordinary purposes. The Greek mathematician Archimedes described the value of p as lying between 3‡ and 3.

The center of a circle is a point of symmetry, and any diameter of a circle is an axis of symmetry. Concentric circles—that is, circles having different perimeters but the same center—never intersect. The area of a circle is equal to pi multiplied by the square of the circle's radius. An arc of a circle is proportional to the angle subtended at the center, and conversely; this property forms the basis of angular measure. There are 360° in a circle.

 


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