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APPENDIX 4
Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) This appendix is a summary of modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.). For more information, see Units 21-40. 4.1 Compare can/could etc. for actions: can * I can go out tonight. (= there is nothing to stop me) * I can't go out tonight. could * I could go out tonight. (but I'm not very keen) * I couldn't go out last night. (= I wasn't able) can or may * Can I go out tonight? (=do you allow me to go out?) May I go out tonight? will/won't * I think I'll go out tonight. * I promise I won't go out. would * I would go out tonight but I've got too much to do. * I promised I wouldn't go out. shall * Shall I go out tonight? (= do you think it is a good idea?) should or ought to * I should(ought to) go out tonight. (= it would be a good thing.) must * I must go out tonight. it is necessary) * I mustn't go out tonight. it is necessary that I do not go out) needn't * I needn't go out tonight. (= it is not necessary that I go out) Compare could have.../would have... etc.: could * I could have gone out last night but I decided to stay at home. would * I would have gone out last night but I had too much to do. should or ought to * I should(ought to) have gone out last night. I'm sorry I didn't. needn't * I needn't have gone out last night. (= I went out but it was not necessary) 4.2 We use will/would/may etc. to say whether something is possible, impossible, probable, certain etc. Compare: Will
* 'What time will she be here?' 'She'll be here soon.' would * She would be here now but she has been delayed. should or ought to * She should(ought to) be here soon. (= I expect she will be here soon) may or might or could * She may be here now. I'm not sure. (= it's possible that she is here) * She might be here now. I'm not sure. (= it's possible that she is here) * She could be here now. I'm not sure. (= it's possible that she is here) must * She must be here. I saw her come in. (= I'm sure--there is no other possibility) can't * She can't possibly be here. I know for certain that she's away on holiday. Compare would have.../should have... etc.: will * She will have arrived by now. would * She would have arrived earlier but she was delayed. should or ought * I wonder where she is. She should have arrived by now. * I wonder where she is. She ought to have arrived by now. may or might or could * She may have arrived. I'm not sure. (= it's possible that she has arrived) * She might have arrived. I'm not sure. (= it's possible that she has arrived) * She could have arrived. I'm not sure. (= it's possible that she has arrived) must * She must have arrived by now. (I'm sure--there is no other possibility) can't * She can't possibly have arrived yet. It's much too early. (=it's impossible)
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