APPENDIX 6

6.5 Words ending in -e (hope, dance, wide etc.)

#1 Verbs

If a verb ends in ~e, we leave out e before the ending ~ing:

hope/hoping smile/smiling dance/dancing confuse/confusing

Exceptions arc: be/being

and verbs ending in ~ee: see/seeing agree/agreeing

If a verb ends in ~e, we add ~d for the past (of regular verbs):

hope/hoped smile/smiled dance/danced confuse/confused

#2 Adjectives and adverbs

If an adjective ends in ~e, we add ~r and ~st for the comparative and superlative:

wide/wider/widest late/later/latest large/larger/largest

If an adjective ends in ~e, we keep e before the adverb ending ~1y:

polite/politely extreme/extremely absolute/absolutely

If an adjective ends in ~le (simple, terrible etc.), the adverb ending is ~ply, ~bly etc.:

simple/simply terrible/terribly reasonable/reasonably

6.6 Doubling consonants (stop/stopping/stopped, wet/wetter/wettest etc.)

Sometimes a word ends in vowel + consonant. For example:

stop, plan, wet, thin, slip, prefer, regret

Before the endings ~ing/~ed/~er/-est, we double the consonant at the end. So p -> pp, n -> nn etc. For example:

stop p -> pp stopping stopped

plan n -> nn planning planned

rub b -> bb rubbing rubbed

big g -> gg bigger biggest

wet t -> tt wetter wettest

thin n -> nn thinner thinnest

If the word has more than one syllable (prefer, begin etc.), we double the consonant at the end only if the final syllable is stressed:

preFER/preferring preferred

perMIT/permitting/permitted

reGRET/regretting/regretted

beGIN/beginning

If the final syllable is not stressed, we do not double the final consonant:

VISit/visiting/visited

deVELop/developing/developed

HAPpen/happening/happened

reMEMber/remembering/remembered

In British English, verbs ending in -1 have -]I- before ~ing and ~ed whether the final syllable is stressed or not:

travel/travelling/travelled

cancel/cancelling/cancelled

For American spelling, see Appendix 7.

Note that:

we do not double the final consonant if the word ends in two consonants (~rt, ~1p, ~ng etc.): start/starting/started, help/helping/helped, long/longer/longest

we do not double the final consonant if there are two vowel letters before it (~oil, ~eed etc.): boil/boiling/boiled, need/needing/needed, explain/explaining/explained, cheap/cheaper/cheapest, loud/louder/loudest, quiet/quieter/quietest

we do not double y or w at the end of words. (At the end of words y and w are not consonants.)

stay/staying/stayed, grow/growing, new/newer/newest

APPENDIX 7

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