a) trunks b) rings c) bark

Exercise 6. Here is the list of physical properties of wood. Why are they very important? Match their definitions.

1 strength a) the capability to last for a long time

2 durability b) the ability not to burn or crack or break when heated

3 appearance c) the quality of being strong

4 workability d) the capability to be worked up

5 toughness e) the ability not to be easily cut, broken or worn out

6 fireproofing f) that which shows or can be seen

Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with the words from the box.

1. Broad - leaved trees or ______ such as oak and beech produce hard and heavy wood. 2. Different wood species have different natural _______. 3. A _______ is a skilled workman who makes fine furniture. 4. Beech and mahogany are mostly used for decorative purposes due to their attractive ________. 5. Over the thousands of years man has learnt to choose those timbers most ________ for their purposes. 6. Different _______ chemicals or paints are usually used to prevent wood from fire. 7. Wood is the best thermal insulator so it is widely used in housing ______. 8. Wood is one of the poorest conductors of heat. This characteristic feature makes it especially suitable for the ________ of cooking utensils. 9. The facing parts of many wood products are covered with veneer of ________ species. 10. Wood is easily ________ with tools and machine - tools.

Exercise 8. Remember all the phrasal verbs used in the previous texts and insert the necessary prepositions.

1. The form that the mature tree develops depends very much _______ its surroundings. 2. This conversion process results ________ the release of oxygen and purification of the atmosphere. 3. Timber was referred ________ as the best structural materials by Greeks and Romans. 4. The enlargement of the trunk in girth is brought _______ entirely by the activity of the cambium. 5. Wood is composed _______ carbon compounds. 6. Take a tree stump and look ________ it attentively. 7. All of those who deal _______ wood must have a good knowledge of this material.

Grammar

Exercise 1. Define the functions of "to be" and translate the following sentences.

1. Kiln-dried boards are light in weight and resistant to decay. 2. The logs are to be saturated with preservatives. 3. In Scandinavia, modern progressive kilns are

being used extensively for drying softwoods. 4. Cold coatings are liquid at ordinary temperatures and can be applied without being heated. 5. Our aim is to protect forests from their enemies. 6. Timber is usually graded and classified into

different qualities. 7. The drying rate of lumber was affected by the way the boards were stacked. 8. The most common method of seasoning wood is to place timber in the open air in piles. 9. The old traditional methods of producing lumber are still being used in many countries. 10. Great damage was caused by the last fire.

Exercise 2. Define the functions of "to have" and translate the following sentences.

1. The annual area of afforestation in Ireland has declined in recent years. 2. Timber constructions when properly designed have good durability. 3. Many buildings have been erected using glued laminated timber. 4. The experience of many decades has shown the advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of glues. 5. The young spruce will have reached the maturity by the beginning of the next year. 6. After we had counted the annual rings we learned the age of the tree. 7. A tree has to grow a long time before we can get timber and lumber. 8. Some long - term trade agreements with France has enabled our enterprise to get substantial profit. 9. The boards have to be inspected before shipping. 10. Alder wood has always been regarded as a shipbuilding wood.

Speaking

Speak about:

1. The necessity of mastering timber.

Literature used

1. Air Drying of Lumber, USDA, Forest Products Laboratory. General Technical Report.

2. Forestry – an International Journal of Forest Research. Volume 76. Number 1,2,3, 2003, Oxford, University press.

3. Journal of Forestry. – Washington D.C., 2001, №1-12.

4. Nordic Business and Industry Review 1995.

5. Swedish sawmill industry. Technical Review 2000, Tord Segerdable.

6. Timber Engineering. Step I. Step II. First Edition, Centrum Hout, The Netherlands, 1995.

7. Wood and wood products. Vans Publishing Corp. Lincolnshire. IL, 1997.

Contents

Unit 1. The Material for The Future.

Unit 2. Nature and Origin of Wood.

Unit 3. Timber.

Unit 4. Wood Formation.

Unit 5. Wood as a Raw Material.

Unit 6. Trees – The Rings of Our Life.

Unit 7. On Forests and Wood.

Unit 8. Measures to Avoid Deterioration of Lumber.

Unit 9. Preservation of Wood.

Unit 10. Mastering Timber.

Vocabulary.

Literature used.

Vocabulary

A a

B b

C c

D d

E e

F f

G g

H h

I i

J j

K k

L l

M m

O o

P p

Q q

R r

S s

T t

U u

V v

W w

Y y

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