General understanding. Read the text attentively and answer the questions

Read the text attentively and answer the questions.

1. What purposes did ancient people use wood for?

2. Does wood serve many purposes nowadays?

3. Why is it necessary to know the structure and composition of wood?

4. What part of the tree is of the greatest value in the manufacture of wood products?

5. What is the function of the bark?

6. Where is cambium located?

7. When does the production of wood and bark tissue occur?

8. Why are the roots carefully exploring the soil under the tree?

9. What is the function of sapwood?

10. What is heartwood?

Vocabulary

Exercise 1. Match the English words in A with their Russian equivalents in B.

A. B.

1. purpose 1. сок

2. quality 2. покрытие

3. covering 3. ткань

4. protect 4. цель

5. fungi 5. сердцевина

6. tissue 6. слой

7. supply 7. качество

8. sap 8. грибки

9. layer 9. защищать

10. heartwood 10. снабжать

Exercise 2. Find the English equivalents in the text to the following Russian.

инструменты; мебель; состав; представитель; листья; механические повреждения; нежная ткань; обхват (диаметр); происходить; почва; камбий; устойчивый; значительный.

Exercise 3. Choose the words from the text which have the similar meaning.

primitive times; houses; ornamental; obtain; constitution; coating; damage; take place; consist of; provide; ground; conduct; convert; possibility; immune.

Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the box.

1. The timber user is interested primarily in the _______.2. The trunk is the main part of any tree from which _______ is produced. 3. The bark _______ the delicate cambium from many kinds of possible harm. 4. Environmental conditions have a significant effect upon _____ of wood. 5. With proper management there is a potential for an endless _______ of timber and other wood – based materials. 6. The _______ of the trees increases by the addition each year of a ______ of new growth below the bark. 7. The ________anchor the tree in the ground and take in water and mineral salts from the _______. 8. The wood of trees consists of two kinds of _______,the rings and the rays.

Grammar

Exercise 1. Compare the predicates.

1. My mother cooks well.

She has just cooked soup.

Now she is cooking meat.

2. He made an experiment yesterday.

He was making the experiment from 5 till 7.

He had already made the experiment when I came.

3. He will write a letter tomorrow.

He will be writing it at 2 o'clock tomorrow.

He will have written it by 3 o'clock tomorrow.

Exercise 2. Choose the right form of the predicate.

1. Scientists (have started; started; were starting) to study timber in the 18-th century.

2. Timber (was grown; is grown; grows) in importance.

3. The roots (works; have worked; are working) hard exploring the soil under the tree.

4. The bark (protects; is protecting; has protected) the tree from insects and fungi.

5. As the tree grows slow chemical changes (took place; are taking place; will take) in the inner layers.

6. The annual area of afforestation in Ireland (declines; is declining; has declined) in recent years.

7. The country (manufactures; are manufacturing; has manufactured) 5000 different types of wood products every year.

8. You should not forget that important processes (are taking, takes, has taken) place in the crowns of the trees.

Exercise 3. Put the verb into the required tense form.

1.Wood not (to decay) under water. 2. Some years ago the manufacturers (to use) only spruce for the production of pulp. 3. Experience of many years (to show) the advantages and disadvantages of wood. 4. Wood (to swell) if put in damp conditions.5. Recently engineers (to develop) new methods of wood treatment. 6. Researchers (to carry out) much experimental work before the properties of wood were determined. 7. This enterprise recently (to introduce) the up-to-date technology to increase the output. 8. The trees (to stop) growing because of the harmful insects attack. 9. After we (to count) the annual rings we learned the age of tree. 10. The fire – brigate (to fight) the forest fire for two hours.

Speaking

Speak about:

1. The main parts of any tree and their functions.

2. Sapwood and heartwood.

Unit 5

Grammar:

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