General understanding. Read the text attentively and answer the following questions:

Read the text attentively and answer the following questions:

1. How did people use wood in prehistoric times?

2. Why does the demand for wood continue to increase?

3. Is timber a more environmentally friendly material than all the other materials available?

4. Why?

5. Can timber meet our needs now and in future?

6. Does timber damage the environment?

7. How much energy does the production of a ton of timber require? Is it more or less than the production of steel and aluminum?

8. What do the superb insulating properties of wood mean?

9. How does timber influence the greenhouse effect? Does it reduce or increase it?

10. Do forests reduce the level of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere?

11. What is the community conscious of?

Vocabulary

Exercise 1. Match the English words in A with their Russian equivalents in B.

A B.

1. wood a. ценный

2. valuable b. снабжать, обеспечивать

3. handle с. спрос

4. provide d. возрастать

5. demand e. двуокись углерода

6. increase f. древесина

7. carbon dioxide g. транспортировать

8. convert h. возобнoвляемый

9. renewable i. существовать

10. exist j. превращать

Exercise 2. Find the English equivalents in the text to the following Russian.

Большое разнообразие продуктов; спрос на; приводить к чему-либо; удовлетворять нужды; по сравнению; годный к употреблению продукт; парниковый эффект; знать (осознавать); на благо всех.

Exercise 3. Choose the words from the text which have the similar meaning.

to transport; to process; to grow; to require; to discharge; to meet requirements;

to lower; to be aware of; profit; ecologically friendly

Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the box.

1. Our life is impossible without _______.

2. Wood can be _______ into many usable products.

3. Trees absorb _______ _______ and enrich the air with ________.

4. Absorbing carbon dioxide trees _______ the atmosphere.

5. ________ for wood continues to grow.

6. When trees die they ________ the soil with nutrients.

7. The conversion of timber into usable products _______ little energy.

8. Timber is a ________ material because it can restore itself without man's help.

9. It is necessary to use our natural environment _______ for the benefit of all.

10. Timber has got many ________over other materials.

Grammar

Exercise 1. Find the basic word in the following word – combinations and translate them into Russian.

low quality timber; plywood moisture content; high quality boards; maximum surface area; average – size commercial logs; particle board production increase; wood – processing plants; wood chip size; forest management costs.

Exercise 2. Make the right choice.

1. timber service life

а) срок годности строевого леса

б) строевой лес на службе

в) служба жизни строевого леса

2. freshly cut pine wood

а) свежая вырубка сосновой древесины

б) свежесрубленная сосновая древесина

в) рубка свежей сосновой древесины

3. standard sizes particle boards

а) ДСП стандартных размеров

б) стандартные размеры ДСП

в) размеры стандартных ДСП

4. freshly sawed pine lumber

а) сосна, распиленная на свежие материалы

б) свежая распиловка сосновых пиломатериалов

в) пиломатериалы из свежераспиленной сосны

5. wood deterioration principal causes

а) главные причины ухудшения качества древесины

б) ухудшение главных причин качества древесины

в) принципы, вызывающие ухудшение качества древесины

Exercise 3. Look through the list of words and group them into 4 categories: nouns, verbs,adjectives, adverbs.

valuable; comparison; production; electrical; protection; widely; variety; enrich; insulator; purify; community; wisely; renewable; wasteless; straightness; relatively; purification.

Exercise 4. Translate into Russian, paying attention to suffixes and prefixes.

renewable; unlimited quantities; reusable; biodegradable; enrich; usable products; purify; purification; valuable; extremely; conversion, comparison, comparable, consumption; straightness, wasteless.

Exercise 5. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in bold using suffixes and prefixes.

1. The (convert) of timber into (use) products does not require much energy.

2. Wood is (wide) available all over the world.

3. Prehistoric men used wood for (protect) from wild animals.

4. Wood provides us with a large (vary) of products.

5. Our life is (possible) without wood.

6. Man chose timber most (suit) for his purposes.

7. For arrows (straight) of grain was important.

8. Timber can be used for (construct) of houses, boats and furniture.

9. Forests (rich) the environment with oxygen.

10. New (waste) technologies are used nowadays when producing wood products.

Exercise 6. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the construction "there + be"

1. There are several theories about how sapwood is transformed into heartwood.

2. There is a great variation in moisture content between species.

3. There are over 600000 ha of Sitka spruce in the UK.

4. In most species there is usually a marked difference in the moisture content of sapwood and heartwood.

5. There are certain purposes for which heavy woods are definitely unsuitable.

6. There exist different kinds of spruce in the world.

7. There appeared new methods of drying wood.

Exercise 7. Express the same in English.

1. Существует растущая тенденция к лесовосстановлению.

2. Нет сферы человеческой деятельности, которая не нуждается в строевом лесе.

3. В лесах нашей области есть различные породы деревьев.

4. Существует большее разнообразие среди лиственных пород, чем хвойных.

5. Появились новые методы для производства композиционных (composite) материалов.

6. Есть ученые, которые полагают, что региональные загрязнители воздуха могут оказывать прямое воздействие на деревья через листья и стволы, и косвенное воздействие через почву.

7. Существует несколько способов предотвращения порчи древесины.

Exercise 8. Express the same in Russian. Pay attention to the functions of "it, one, that".

1. One should know the physical and chemical properties of wood.

2. The precise control of moisture content is one of the most important aspects of processing timber.

3. The conductivity of green timber is much higher than that of dry wood.

4. It is necessary to remember that the bulk of moisture in most softwoods is contained in sapwood.

5. Dry wood is a poor conductor of electricity but it becomes a partial conductor when it contains moisture.

6. It is generally recognized in Europe that the growth and yield of silver birch is greater than that of downy birch.

7. Trees form wood in their tall stems to support their crown of foliage and to supply their leaves with sap. It is this dual purpose that makes wood such a fascinating material to use, study and admire.

Exercise 9. Form the comparative and superlative degrees.

valuable; rich; poor; bad; important; early; adaptable; little; resistant; good; much; simple; far; available.

Exercise 10. Use the adjectives in brackets in the comparative or superlative degree.

1. Canada is one of the (large) suppliers of paper and wood products.

2. The (important) property for timber in fencing is durability.

3. The (high) the density of spruce, the (stiff) the board.

4. Knots are the (common) type of defect in timber.

5. Downy birch is ecologically (flexible) than silver birch but it is (productive).

6. The (light) the wood the (good) are its insulating properties.

7. (Many) of dense woods are very durable.

8. Timber is a (ecologically pure) material than all the other materials presently available.

9. Walnut is one of the (valuable) species.

10. Heartwood is (hard) and (strong) than sapwood.

Exercise 11. Compare the two objects using "as…as"; "not so …as"; "the …the"; "as well"; "as well as".

1. Wood is _______ (important) _______ metals.

2. The (much) we study wood, the (much) we admire it.

3. Wood requires _______ (much) energy for its processing _______ metals.

4. Wood is used for construction purposes and for home needs _______.

5. Roots take water _______ mineral salts from the soil.

6. Sapwood is _______ (strong) _______ heartwood.

7. The strength properties of wood _______ its workability are of equal importance.

8. The (thick) the cell walls, the (high) the density of wood.

Speaking

Speak about:

1. The role of wood in the life of people.

2. The main properties of wood as an "environmentally friendly" material.

Unit 2

Grammar:

Поиск по сайту: