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The Constitution of the USA
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| The Constitution is the fundamental law of the USA, framed in 1787 by the Constitutional Convention. It went into effect on March 4, 1789. The following are its opening sentences: | |
| The Constitution of the United States of America We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility1, provide2 for the common defence, promote3 the general Welfare4, and secure5 the Blessings6 of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity7, do ordain8 and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I Section 1 All legislative Powers herein9 granted10 shall be vested in aCongress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. While the constitution was being worked out, Thomas Jefferson was in Paris, and in his letter of December 20, 1787, to James Madison he set out his opinion as to the proposed constitution: "I like much the general idea of framing a government which should go on of itself11 peaceably, without needing continual recurrence12 to the state legislatures. I like the organization of the government into Legislative, Judiciary and Executive. I like the power given the Legislature to levy taxes and for that reason solely13 approve of the greater14 house15 being chosen by the people directly. For16 though I think a house chosen by them will be very illy17 qualified to legislate18 for the Union, for foreign nations and so on, yet this evil19 does not weigh20 against the good of preserving inviolate21 the fundamental principle that the people are not to be taxed22 but23 by representatives chosen immediately24 by themselves. I will now add what I do not like. First, the omission25 of a bill of rights providing clearly and without the aid26 of sophisms27 for freedom of religion, freedom of the press, protection against standing armies28, restriction29 against monopolies, the eternal30 and unremitting31 force of the habeas corpus32 laws, and trials by jury in all matters of fact triable33 by the laws of the land34 and not by the law of nations35. The second feature I dislike, and greatly dislike, is the abandonment36 in every instance37 of the necessity of rotation38 in office, and most particularly in the case of the President. Experience concurs39 with reason in concluding that the first magistrate40 will always be re-elected if the Constitution permits it. He is then an officer for life." | 1 спокойствие, безмятежность 2 обеспечивать, предусматривать 3 содействовать 4 благосостояние 5 обеспечить 6 благо, благословение 7 потомство 8 предписывать, постановлять 9 в этом (документе); здесь 10 предоставлять 11 само по себе (of itself) 12 обращение (к); возврат (к) 13 с единственной целью 14 больший 15 палата (Конгресса) 16 ибо 17 плохо 18 законодательствовать 19 порок, зло 20 иметь значение (по сравнению с); весить 21 ненарушенный 22 подвергать налогообложению 23 кроме как, за исключением 24 непосредственно 25 невключение, опущение 26 помощь 27 софизм, уловка, мнимое доказательство 28 регулярная армия (standing army) 29 ограничение 30 вечный 31 неослабный 32 судебный приказ о доставлении в суд лица, содержащегося под стражей, для выяснения правомерности содержания его под стражей (habeas corpus) 33 подлежащий рассмотрению в суде 34 законы страны 35 международное право (the law of nations) 36 отказ 37 случай, инстанция 38 ротация, смена 39 совпадать, сходиться 40 глава исполнительной власти (the first magistrate) |
Task 5. Give answers to the questions given below as based on your understanding of the text.
1. When did the US Constitution come into effect?
2. What is the purpose of the Constitution as stated in its opening sentence?
3. What body is the legislative power to be vested in?
4. What did Thomas Jefferson like about the Constitution draft?
5. What fundamental principle of taxation was laid out in the Constitution?
6. What did Jefferson not like about the Constitution draft?
7. How did Jefferson explain the necessity of rotation in office?
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