SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY

Ю. Голицынский

Н. Голицынская

ГРАММАТИКА

СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

ИЗДАНИЕ ПЯТОЕ ИСПРАВЛЕННОЕ И ДОПОЛНЕННОЕ

УДК 372.167.1: 811.111 ББК81.2Англ-922 Г 60

Авторы:

Ю. Б. Голицынский,

Н. А. Голицынская (исправления и дополнения)

Голицынский Ю. Б.

Г 60 Грамматика: Сборник упражнений.— 5-е изд. —

СПб.: КАРО, 2006. — 544 с.— (Английский язык для школьников).

ISBN 5-89815-595-3

Сборник упражнений по всем разделам английской грамматики. Упражнения основаны на несложной лексике. Они содержат достаточно материала для запоминания основных грамматических форм и выработки навыков их применения. Дополнен теоретическим материалом и сло­варем.

Предназначен для учащихся V—IX классов школ с базовым уровнем изучения английского языка и школ с углубленным изучением английского языка.

УДК 372.167.1: 811.111 ББК81.2Англ-922

© КАРО, 2005
ISBN 5-89815-595-3 Все права защищены

Предисловие

Предлагаемый сборник содержит грамматические упражнения по основным темам грамматики англий­ского языка: артикль, существительное, неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные, местоиме­ния much, many, (a) little, (a) few, степени сравнения прилагательных, предлоги, употребление времен, стра­дательный залог, согласование времен и косвенная речь, неличные формы глагола, сложное дополнение, слож­ное подлежащее, условные предложения и употребление сослагательного наклонения после / wish, модальные глаголы.

Настоящее пятое издание сборника подверглось пе­реработке, в процессе которой были сделаны многочис­ленные исправления и дополнения, например, по таким темам, как артикль, существительное, местоимения, предлоги, употребление времен, страдательный залог. В большинство упражнений добавлены новые предложе­ния, а также составлены новые упражнения. Суще­ственно переработаны главы, посвященные герундию, сложному дополнению и сложному подлежащему.

Сборник завершается контрольным упражнением, позволяющим проверить правильность усвоения учащи­мися применения артиклей, употребления времен в ак­тивном и пассивном залогах, герундия, причастия и модальных глаголов.

Для исправлений и дополнений некоторых грамма­тических явлений в сборнике приведены примечания, в которых указана ссылка на следующее пособие по грам­матике английского языка: Raymond Murphy "Essential Grammar in Use".

4 ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

Кроме того, в настоящем пятом издании расширен и выверен словарь,, исправлены орфография и транскрип­ция. Изменения, внесенные в словарь сборника, вы­полнены в соответствии с орфографией и транскрипци­ей словаря Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. — Longman Group UK Limited 1992. Англо­русский и русско-английский словарь сборника поме­щен в конце книги, причем он включает все слова, име­ющиеся в упражнениях, благодаря чему у ученика не будет необходимости обращаться к большому словарю в поисках незнакомых слов, что облегчит ему работу и сократит время на выполнение упражнений. Перед сло­варем приведены таблицы с фонетическими символами, используемыми в словаре, которые характерны для анг­лийского предложения.

Сборник предназначен дяя учащихся средних школ, независимо от их профиля, а также может быть исполь­зован при работе со взрослыми. При существующем в настоящее время большом разнообразии учебных про­грамм и учебников не представляется целесообразным согласовывать лексический и грамматический матери­ал с каким-нибудь определенным учебником. В преде­лах каждого раздела сборника упражнения расположе­ны по мере возрастания трудностей, что дает возмож­ность учителю подбирать упражнения в соответствии с языковым уровнем учащихся.

Из собственного многолетнего опыта преподаватель­ской работы авторы сборника знают, что количество грамматических упражнений, предлагаемых любым учебником, недостаточно, а учитель всегда испытывает потребность в дополнительных упражнениях. Поэтому предлагаемый сборник упражнений может оказаться уместным и полезным для работы по любому учебнику и с любой аудиторией.

Авторы

АРТИКЛЬ

Запомните следующие правила:

Перед каждым нарицательным существительным должен стоять артикль.

Если вы не употребляете перед существительным артикль, вы должны уметь объяснить, почему.

Артикль не употребляется, если перед существи­тельным стоит притяжательное или указательное мес­тоимение, другое существительное в притяжательном падеже, количественное числительное или отрицание "по" (не "not"!).

Упражнение 1

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. This is... book. It is my... book. 2. Is this your... pencil? — No, it isn't my... pencil, it is my sis­ter's... pencil. 3. I have... sister. My... sister is... engineer. My sister's... husband is... doctor. 4. I have no... handbag. 5. She has got... headache. 6. Have they got... car? — Yes, they have. Their... car is not very expensive but reliable. 7. Have you got... calculator? — No, I haven't. 8. Is this... watch? — No, it isn't... watch, it's... pen. 9. This... pen is good, and that... pen is bad. 10. I can see

6 ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

... pencils on your... table, but I can see no... paper. 11. Give me... chair, please. 12. They have... dog and two... cats. 13. I have... spoon in my... plate, but I have no... soup in it. 14. My... friend says he is going to be... millionaire one... day. 15. Would you like... orange? 16. Mr. Smith is... artist, Mrs. Smith is... poetess.

Упоминая предмет впервые, мы употребляем пе­ред ним неопределенный артикль a (an). Упоминая этот же предмет вторично, мы ставим перед ним определенный артикль the.

• E.g. This is a book. The book is interesting.

Упражнение 2

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. Не hasn't got... car. But he's got... comput­er.... computer is new. 2. My... friends have got... cat and... dog.... dog never bites... cat. 3. This is... tree.... tree is green. 4. I can see three... boys.... boys are playing. 5. I have... bicycle.... bicycle is black. My... friend has no... bicycle. 6. Our... room is large. 7. We wrote... dictation yesterday.... dictation was long. 8. She has two... daughters and one... son. Her... son is... pupil. 9. Last year I gave my... mother... bracelet for her... birthday. She liked... bracelet. 10. My... brother's... friend has no... dog. 11. This... pencil is broken. Give me that... pencil, please. 12. She has... ball.... ball is... big. 13. I got... letter from my... friend yester­day.... letter was interesting. 14. When they were in Geneva, they stayed at... hotel. Sometimes they had dinner at... hotel and sometimes in... restau­rant. 15. I've got... idea. 16. What... shame.

Артикль 7

Неопределенный артикль a (an) может употреб­ляться только с исчисляемыми существительными, стоящими в единственном числе. Перед неисчисляе-мыми существительными или существительными во множественном числе неопределенный артикль опус­кается. Определенный артикль the употребляется как с исчисляемыми, так и с неисчисляемыми существи­тельными, как с единственным, так и с множествен­ным числом.^-

• E.g. This is a book. The book is interesting.

исчисляемое в единственном числе

This is s meat. The meat is fresh.

неисчисляемое

These are s books. The books are good.

множественное число

Упражнение 3

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. This is... pen.... pen is red. 2. These are pen­cils.... pencils are black. 3. This is... soup.... soup is tasty. 4. In the morning I eat... sandwich and drink... tea. 5. She gave me... coffee and... cake.... coffee was hot.... cake was tasty. 6. Do you like... ice cream? 7. I see... book in your... hand. Is... book interesting? 8. Do you need... camera? 9. He never eats... meat, he always eats... vegetables,... cereals,... seeds,... fruit, and... nuts. He is... ve­getarian. 10. This is... pineapple.... pineapple is delicious. 11. Elaine,... apples are good for you!

12. My... cousin is upset. He's got... sore throat.

13. This is... cottage cheese.... cottage cheese is fresh. 14. She bought... meat,... butter and... po­tatoes yesterday. She also bought... cake.... cake was very... tasty. We ate... cake with... tea.

8_________ ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ _________

15. This is my... table. On... table I have... book, two... pencils,... pen and... paper. 16. This is... bag.... bag is brown. It is my sister's... bag. And this is my... bag. It is... yellow.

Запомните следующие словосочетания, в которых артикль не употребляется:

at • school at s home at • work

Упражнение 4

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. I have two... sisters. My... sisters are... stu­dents. 2. We are at... home. 3. My... brother is not at... home, he is at... school. 4. My... mother is at... work. She is... doctor. 5. I am not... doctor. 6. I have no... sister. 7. He is not... pilot. 8. I have thirty-two... teeth. 9. He has... child. 10. She has two... children. Her children are at... school.

11. Is your father at... home? — No, he is at... work.

12. Where is your... brother? — He is at... home.

Если перед существительным употребляется

прилагательное, оно стоит между артиклем

и существительным.

• E.g. This is a book. This is a good book.

Упражнение 5

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. We have... large... family. 2. My granny of­ten tells us... long... interesting... stories. 3. My

Артикль 9

... father is... engineer. He works at... factory.... factory is large. 4. My... mother is... doctor. She works at... large... hospital. She is at... work now. 5. My... aunt is... teacher. She works at... school.... school is good. My... aunt is not at... school now. She is at... home. She is drinking... tea and eating... jam.... jam is sweet. I am at... home, too. I am drinking... tea and eating... sandwich.... sandwich is tasty. 6. My sister is at... school. She is... pupil. 7. My cousin has... big... black... cat. My cousin's... cat has two... kittens.... cat likes... milk.... kittens like... milk, too. 8. I am... engineer. 9. My... son is... pupil. 10. He is... good... pupil. 11. This is... house. 12. This is my... pencil. 13. You have some... pencils, but I have no... pen­cil. Give me... pencil, please.

Часто, даже упоминая предмет впервые, мы тем не менее употребляем перед ним определенный ар­тикль:

а) если упоминаемый предмет является един­
ственным в мире:

• E.g. The sun is shining brightly.

б) если этот предмет является определенным по
ситуации:

• E.g. Put the book on the table.

Упражнение 6

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. What's... weather like today? —... weather is fine. 2.... sun is yellow. 3.... sky is grey today. 4.... Earth is... planet. 5. We had... English les­son yesterday.... teacher asked me many... ques­tions.... questions were difficult. 6. Where is your

10 ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

... brother? — Не is at... home. He is in his... room. He is sitting at... table. He is doing his... home­work.... homework is difficult. 7. Our... cat is sit­ting on... sofa. 8. It is very dark in... room. Turn on... light, please. 9. Nick went into... bathroom, turned on... water and washed his... hands.

Упражнение 7

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. This is... good... book. Take... book from... table. Put this... book into... bookcase. 2.... weather is fine today.... sky is blue.... sun is shin­ing brightly in... blue... sky. 3. This is... boy.... boy is at... school. He is... pupil. This... boy is my... brother's... friend. He has... cat, but he has no... dog. He likes his... cat. He gives... cat... milk every day. 4. Yesterday I received... letter from my... friend.... letter was interesting. 5. We live in... big house. I like... house very much. 6. Are you... worker? — No, I am... student. 7. I like your... beautiful... flower. Give me... flower, please. 8. My... mother is at... home. She is reading... interest­ing... book. 9. My... father is not at... home. He is at... work. He is... doctor. He is... good... doctor. He works at... hospital.... hospital is large.

Кроме того, существует огромное количество так называемых устойчивых словосочетаний, в которых артикль употребляется или отсутствует традиционно. Эти словосочетания приходится заучивать наизусть.

Запомните следующие конструкции:

There is a.... Where is the...?

Артикль 11

Запомните также следующие предложения:

The (book) is on the (table). • Ho: The (book) is on a little (table)¹.

Упражнение 8

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. There is... big tree in... garden. 2. There is... bank near here. — Where is... bank? 3. There is... new supermarket in... centre of our... town.

4. There is... hotel over there.... hotel isn't cheap.

5. Where is... cat? —... cat is on... sofa. 6. Where is... book? —... book is on... shelf. 7. Where are... flowers? —... flowers are in... beautiful vase. 8. Where is... vase? —... vase is on... little table near... window. 9. Open... window, please.... weather is fine today. I can see... sun in... sky. I can see... nice little bird.... bird is sitting in... big tree.... tree is green. 10. There is... little white cloud in... sky. 11. We have... large room. There is... big sofa in... room and... little lamp on... wall over... sofa. I like to sit on... sofa and read... good book.

Запомните следующее устойчивое словосочетание:

in s front (of)

¹ Существительное, стоящее в скобках, может быть лю­бым. Прилагательное также может быть любым. Вместо пред­лога "on" может быть любой другой предлог или заменяющее его словосочетание, напр. "in front of".

12________ ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ _________

Упражнение 9

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. There is... wonderful small computer in... front of... books there. 2. Where is... soup? —... soup is in... big saucepan on... gas cooker. 3. Where are... cutlets? —... cutlets are in... refrigerator on... little plate. 4. There is no... bread on... ta­ble. Where is... bread? 5. There is... little brown coffee table in our... room in... front of... sofa. 6. Where is... table in your... room? 7. There is... thick carpet on... floor in my mother's... room.

8. Is your brother at... home? — No, he is at... work. He works at... big factory. He is... engineer.

9. My sister has many... books.... books are in... big bookcase. 10.... weather is fine today. Let's go and play in... yard. There are many... children in... yard. They are playing with... ball.

Запомните следующие конструкции, требующие неопределенного артикля:

I have а... This is a... I am a...

Не has a... That is a... Не is a...

I see a... It is a... She is a...

There is a...

Упражнение 10

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. I see... bottle of... pineapple... juice on... kitchen table. 2. Her... son has... great... sense of... humor. 3. There was... discotheque at... club last Saturday but he didn't go. 4. Is there... bus stop near... building? 5. We have... big dog.... dog is very clever. 6. My friend has... very good comput-

Артикль 13

er. 7. This... boy is big. He is... student. 8. There is... very large piano in... hall. 9. This is... tree and that is not... tree. It's... bush. 10. I am... boy. I am... pupil. I study at... school. 11. My sis­ter is at... work. She is... secretary. She works at... large office. 12. This is... very difficult ques­tion. I don't know... answer to it. 13. Do you see... little girl with... big ball in her... hands? She is... pupil of our... school. 14. There was... beautiful flower in this... vase yesterday. Where is... flower now? 15. Last year we were in Geneva. It is... excit­ing city to visit, but... very expensive place to live.

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

in the middle in the corner to the right to the left

Упражнение 11

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. There is... jar of... orange... marmelade in... middle of... shelf. 2. There is... big... box of... cereal to... right of you. 3. There is... bunch of... bananas on... table. Don't keep them in... re­frigerator. 4. There is... loaf of... white... bread on... upper... shelf of... refrigerator. If you want your... bread to be fresh, keep it only in... refrigerator. 5. Is there... bag of... flour in... cupboard? 6. There was... bottle of... lemonade in... corner of... kitchen. 7. There is... thick red... carpet in my... room.... carpet is on... floor in... front of... sofa. 8. Where is... table in your brother's... room? —

14 ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

His... table is near... window. 9. I can see... fine... vase.on... shelf. Is it your... vase? 10. We have no... piano in our... living room. 11. My... uncle is... married. He has... beautiful wife. They have... son, but they have no... daughter. 12. I can see... nice... coffee table in... middle of... room to... right of... door. It is... black and... red. I like... coffee table. 13. Our... TV set is on... little... ta­ble in... corner of... room. 14. There is... beautiful picture in my father's... study.... picture is on... wall to... left of... window.

Упражнение 12

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

My aunt's flat is in... new house. There is... liv­ing room,... bedroom,... study,... bathroom and... kitchen in... flat.... bedroom is... large room with... two windows.... room is light as... windows are large. There are... white curtains on... windows. There are... two beds with... large pillows on them. There are... small tables near... beds. There are... lamps on them. To... left of... door there is... dress­ing table with... mirror on it. There is... low chair at... dressing table. There are... several pictures on... pale green walls. There is... thick carpet on... floor.... carpet is dark green.... room is very cosy.

Если после конструкции there is (there are) стоит неисчисляемое существительное или существитель­ное во множественном числе, вместо опущенного неопределенного артикля часто (не обязательно) употребляется слово some.

Артикль 15

Упражнение 13

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. There is... park behind... hospital. There are... beautiful... trees in... park. 2. There is... good... film on TV this... evening. I am going to watch it. 3. There is... library between... school and... bank. There are... English and German books in this... library. 4. There is... sofa in... corner of... room. 5. There are... cushions on... sofa. 6. There are... books on... shelf. Give me... book, please.

7. Look into... refrigerator. What can you see on...
shelves? — There is... butter in... butter dish.
There is... sausage, but there is no... cheese. There
are... eggs and... apples. There is... orange,...
lemon, and... jam in... little vase. 8. There is...
juice in this... cup. May I drink... juice? 9. There
are... girls in... yard, but I can see no... boys.
Where are... boys? — Oh, all... boys are playing
football at... stadium. 10. There is... peculiar charm
in her... voice.

Упражнение 14

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. Where is... bus station? —... bus station is next to... gas station. 2. There are two... pets in... house:... cat and... dog. 3. There is... TV antenna on... roof. 4. There is... mailbox between... build­ing and... bus stop. 5. There is... big... dog in... front of... fireplace. 6. Do you speak English at... work or at... school? 7. She had... bad... day today.

8. I have... colour TV set.... TV set is on... little
table in... corner of... room. 9. There is... book,
... pen, and... paper on my... writing desk. 10. My
... brother is... teacher. He works at... school. He

16 ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

has... very good books. His... books are in... big bookcase. 11. There is... tea in my... glass. There is no... tea in my... friend's... glass. His... glass is empty. 12. Where is... coffee table in your... room? —... coffee table is in... front of... sofa. There is... cup on... coffee table and... newspa­pers. There is... coffee in... cup. 13. There are... photographs on... sofa. 14. There is... guitar on... chair near... piano.

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

in the morning in the evening

in the afternoon at s night

А также:

to go to ± bed to go to • school

to go to s work

Упражнение 15

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. Every day my... brother and I get up at eight o'clock and walk to... school. I like... school. It's... fun. My... brother loves... football. He hates... homework. So he doesn't like to go to... school. Will he go to... work in... future? 2. My... friend has to get up early in... morning because he goes to... school. That's why he usually goes to... bed early in... evening. 3.... weather was very bad in... morn­ing yesterday.... sky was grey and it was raining. But in... middle of... day... weather began to change.... rain stopped and... sun appeared from behind... clouds. In... afternoon it was very warm.

Артикль _________________ 17

I did not want to stay at... home and went into... yard. There were... boys and... girls in... yard. We played in... yard till late in... evening. When I came... home, I drank... tea, ate... sandwich and went to... bed at once. I slept very well at... night.

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

at s half past five at a quarter past five
to go s home to come s home

to leave S home for S work (for S school)

Упражнение 16

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. My brother is... pupil. He goes to... school. He goes to... school in... morning. He has five or six... lessons every day. In... afternoon he goes... home. At... home he does his... homework. In... evening he reads... books. He usually goes to... bed at... half past ten. At... night he sleeps. 2. My fa­ther goes to... work in... morning and comes... home in... evening. 3. I get up at... half past seven in... morning and go to... bed at... quarter to eleven in... evening. 4. When does your mother leave... home for... work? — She leaves... home for... work at... quarter past eight. 5. When do you leave... home for... school? — I leave... home for... school at... half past... eight. 6. What do you do when you come... home from... school? — I do my... homework, talk to my... friends on... phone and go for... walks. I often listen to... music. I like... jazz best.

18_______ ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ _________

Перед названиями месяцев и дней недели артикль не употребляется.

School begins in •{_ September. We rest on s Sunday.

Перед порядковыми числительными обычно упот­ребляется определенный артикль.

Our classroom is on the second floor. Today is the tenth of May.

Упражнение 17

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. We always go to... Russian Museum on... Sun­day. 2. On... Saturday she usually goes to... Phil­harmonic. 3. In... August he has his... birthday. He is planning to have... nice party with his... friends. 4. There are three rooms and... kitchen in our new flat. 5. My new dress is made of... silk. 6. If you want to write something on... blackboard, you must have... piece of... chalk. 7. Are there any pupils in... classroom? 8. I have... new English book.... book is very interesting. 9. There is... gar­den in... front of our school.... garden is not large, but it is very nice. 10.... May is... fifth month of the year. 11.... Saturday is... sixth day of the week. 12.... Sunday is... day off. 13. Today is... ninth of... May. Anton has got... new mobile phone. He is going to make... phone call to his... grandfather. 14. This is... nice place. In... June we are going there for... holiday.

Артикль 19

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

after s work after s school

from s work from •/_ school

Упражнение 18

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. My friends live in... small town. It is... new town.... streets in... town are broad and straight. There are... beautiful buildings in them.... town is very green, and so... air is fresh. There are... beau­tiful parks and gardens in... town.... people like to go there after... work. In... evening you can hear... sounds of... music from... parks. There are... schools,... libraries,... supermarket,... hospital,... theatre,... cinemas,... clinics and... kindergartens in... town. 2. This is... classroom.... classroom is large and light. 3. There is... picture on... wall. 4. What is... date today? It is... seventh of... De­cember. 5.... third lesson today is... lesson of En­glish. 6. Pete, go to... blackboard. 7. After... school I usually go... home. 8. My father always comes from... work late: at eight o'clock or at... half past eight. But on... Friday he comes... home early: at half past four or at... quarter to five. On... Satur­day and on... Sunday he does not go to... work.

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

to have (cook, make, prepare) ■{_ breakfast

•/_ lunch •/_ tea •" dinner S supper

20 _______ ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ _________

Упражнение 19

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

I go to... school in... morning, so I get up early. I usually get up at... quarter past seven. I go to... bathroom, turn on... water and wash my face and hands. My father and mother also get up early in... morning. My mother works at... office. She is... typist. My father is... doctor. He works at... hos­pital. We have... breakfast in... kitchen. We eat... porridge and... eggs. We drink... tea. My father and mother leave... home for... work at... half past eight. My father goes to... hospital, and my mother goes to... office. I don't leave... home with my par­ents:... school where I study is near our house. I leave... home for... school at... quarter to nine. My granny stays at... home and cooks... dinner. I have... lunch at... school after... third lesson. My father and mother have... lunch at... work. When we come... home, we have... dinner.

Упражнение 20

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. Every day my husband goes to... work, my son goes to... school and I go to... institute. 2. There is... new school at... corner of our street. 3. My daughter came... home from... school on... Mon­day and said to me, "There will be... parents' meet­ing on... tenth of February at six o'clock in... evening." 4.... teacher told us... very interesting story at... lesson. 5. When... bell rang,... pupils went into... classroom. 6. We are usually at... school from nine o'clock in... morning till two o'clock in... afternoon. 7. We don't go to... school on... Sunday.

Артикль 21

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

after S breakfast before S breakfast

after s lunch before s lunch

after s tea before S tea

after *f dinner before s dinner

after S supper before S supper

at s breakfast for • breakfast

at •/_ lunch for s lunch

at • tea for • tea

at •/_ dinner for • dinner

at s supper for ^ supper

Упражнение 21

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. What do you do after... breakfast? — After... breakfast I go to... school. 2. My granny likes to read... book after... lunch. 3.... people usually have... breakfast in... morning. They have... dinner in... afternoon. In... evening... people have... supper. 4. There is a proverb: "After... dinner sleep awhile, after... supper walk... mile." 5. Who cooks... din­ner in your family? 6. Yesterday father told us... very interesting story at... breakfast. 7. What did you have for... lunch at... school on... Wednes­day? — We had... salad and... tea. 8. My mother never has... supper with... family because she does not like to eat in... evening. 9. When do you clean your teeth in... morning: before... breakfast or af­ter... breakfast?

22 ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

Артикль

Упражнение 22

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. For... breakfast I have... coffee with... milk and... sugar. I have... jam, too. There are... dif­ferent things on... dinner table. There is... bread,... butter and... ham. There are... cups and... glasses there. There is... jug on... table.... milk in... jug is hot. There is... teapot on... table. There is... tea in... teapot.... tea is hot, too. There are... plates,... forks and... knives on... table. 2.... lamp is on... table. 3. There is... lamp on... table. 4. Is there... lamp on... table? 5. Is... lamp on... table? 6. Is there... clock on... wall? 7. There are two... shelves on... wall. 8. Where are... shelves? —... shelves are on... wall. 9. They have... large flat. There are... four rooms in... flat. 10. Is... newspa­per on... table? 11. Is there... newspaper on... ta­ble? 12. There is... butter on... plate. 13. Where is... butter? —... butter is on... little plate. 14. There is... white and... brown bread on... table.

Запомните следующее устойчивое словосочетание:

to watch s TV

Упражнение 23

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. Pete has... small family. He has... father and... mother. He has no... brother, but he has... sis­ter. His sister is... pupil. She is... good girl. She has... many Russian books, but she has no... En-

glish books. 2. There is... writing desk in... room.... writing desk is good. There is... lamp on... writ­ing desk. 3. My uncle has... large family. They are six in... family. 4. My father is... engineer. He works at... big factory. 5. We have... good library. Our books are in... big bookcase. 6. Is your... sis­ter married? 7. What do you do after... breakfast?

— I go to... school. 8. When do you come... home?

— I come... home at... half past two. 9. Do you like to watch... TV in... evening? 10. He watches... television all day. I never do it. I can't watch... TV very often. But tonight I can spend... evening in... front of... box, because there is... very in­teresting... film on. It is "My Fair Lady" with Rex Harrison and Audrey Hepburn. I love it.

Упражнение 24

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. My... aunt and my... uncle are... doctors. They work at... hospital. They get up at seven o'clock in... morning. They go to... bed at eleven o'clock. 2. I work in... morning and in... afternoon. I don't work in... evening. I sleep at... night. 3. When do you leave... home for... school? — I leave... home at... quarter past eight in... morn­ing. 4. What does your mother do after... break­fast? — She goes to... work. 5. Is there... sofa in your... living room? — Yes, there is... cosy little... sofa in... living room. — Where is... sofa? — It is in... corner of... room to... left of... door. I like to sit on this... sofa in... front of... TV set in... evening. 6. There is... nice coffee table near... win­dow. There are... newspapers on... coffee table. 7. There is... tea in... glass. 8. When do you watch

24 ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

... TV? — I watch... TV in... evening. We have... large colour TV set in our... room. There is... beau­tiful vase on... TV set. There are... flowers in... vase. 9. I have... large writing desk in... study. There is... paper on... writing desk. My... books and... exercise books are on... writing desk, too.

Упражнение 25

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

My friend's... flat is very comfortable. There are... three rooms in... flat:... living room,... study and... bedroom.... living room is not very large.... walls in... living room are blue. There are... pic­tures on... walls. There is... table in... middle of... room with some chairs around it. To... left of... door there is... sofa. Near... sofa there are... two large armchairs. They are very comfortable. There is... piano in my friend's living room.... piano is to... right of... door.... bedroom and... study are small.... furniture in... flat is brown.

Если перед существительным стоит вопроситель­ное или относительное местоимение, артикль опускается.

• E.g. What • colour is your cat?

I want to know what • book you are reading.

Упражнение 26

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. What... colour is your new... hat? — It's... red. 2. Is there... refrigerator in your... kitchen?

Ар тикль _________________ 25

3. Where is... refrigerator in your... kitchen? — It is in... corner of... kitchen. 4. There are... flow­ers in our... living room.... flowers are in... beau­tiful vase. 5. I have... tea in my... cup. 6. He has no... coffee in his... cup. 7. What... book did you borrow from... library on... Tuesday? 8. I have... books,... exercise books and... pens in my... bag. 9. I am... engineer. I work at... office. I go to... office in... morning. As... office is far from... house I live in, I take... bus to get there. 10. What... bus do you take to get to... work? 11. Whose... pen is this? 12. What... colour is your... new... T-shirt? — It's... white. 13. She is going to... music shop to buy... cassette. — What... cassette is she going to buy? 14. That's... man whose... com­puter was stolen last night.

Упражнение 27

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

Here is... large window. Through... window we can see... room. Opposite... window there is... door. On... door there is... curtain. In... corner of... room there is... round table. On it we can see... books and... telephone. There is... bookshelf over... table. On... bookshelf we can see... newspapers and... book by... Jack London. There are... two... pictures in... room. One... picture is small,... other picture is very large. There are... two bookcases in... room.... bookcases are full of... books. There is... large sofa in... room. On... sofa we can see... bag. Whose... bag is that? There is no... bed in... room. On... small table near... window there are... flowers and... glass of... water. In... front of... window we can see... armchair.

26 ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

Артикль 27

Перед названиями наук, учебных предметов и язы­ков¹ артикль не употребляется.

•E.g. He studies •chemistry. I speak • English.

Упражнение 28

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1.... English is... world language. 2. I study... English. I attend... English classes in... evening. On... days when I have no... classes, I stay at... home and do some work about... house. I have... dinner with my... family. After... dinner I talk to... members of my... family, watch... TV and read... books,... newspapers and... magazines. I go to... bed late at... night. 3. I am thirsty. Give me... water, please. 4. There is... book on... table. Give me... book, please. 5. I enjoy listening to... music but I don't really like... music that that man plays on his... guitar. 6. What did you have for... lunch? — I only had... tuna sandwich. 7. He is... wonder­ful... teacher. He teaches... history.

Упражнение 29

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. When my grandfather was... young man, he studied... physics. 2. Do you speak... Spanish? 3. My uncle is... great specialist in... biology. 4....

¹ Если после названия языка не стоит слово "language". В противном случае употребляется определенный артикль. Е. g. S_ Chinese is difficult.

The Chinese language is difficult.

Japanese is more difficult than... French. 5. We listened to... very interesting lecture on... English literature yesterday. 6. Yesterday at... lesson of... geography... teacher told us... very interesting things about... famous travellers. 7. My father speaks... English and... French, but he does not speak... German. 8. We had... lesson of... math­ematics yesterday. We wrote... paper in... mathematics.... teacher said, "I shall correct... pa­pers in... evening. Tomorrow you will know... re­sults".

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

to play •£_ chess to play the piano

to play «f football to play the guitar

out of s doors

Упражнение 30

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. My... name is Charlie. I come from... pretty big... family. I have two... brothers and... sister. I am... oldest and my... sister is... youngest; she plays... violin really well and wants to be... profes­sional... musician. She has other... hobbies, too, and she often goes swimming with her... friends if... weather is nice. 2. Do you play... piano? 3. There is... big black piano in our living room. It is at... wall to... left of... door opposite... sideboard. My mother likes to play... piano. She often plays... pi­ano in... evening. 4.... boys like to play... foot­ball. 5. What do you do in... evening? — I often play... chess with my grandfather. 6. Where are...

28 ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

Артикль

children? — Oh, they are out of... doors.... weather is fine today. They are playing... badminton in... yard. 7. What... games does your sister like to play? — She likes to play... tennis. 8. Do you like to play... guitar? 9. What... colour is your guitar?

Запомните, что перед обращением артикль опускается:

• E.g. What are you doing, s children?

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

in a loud voice in a thin voice

in a low voice in a tiny voice

in an angry voice in a trembling voice

in a high voice in a weak voice

in a kind voice in a... voice

Упражнение 31

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

It was... hot day.... sun was shining brightly in... blue sky.... wolf and... lamb met at... stream.... water in... stream was cool and clear.... wolf saw that... lamb was fat and wanted to eat it. He began to shout, "You,... fool, you are making... water dirty!"... lamb was afraid. It looked at... wolf and said in... thin voice, "But,... Mr. Wolf, I can­not make... water dirty for you from... place where I am standing, because... stream runs from you to me." "Stop talking!" shouted... wolf in... angry

voice. "I know you! I met you six months ago, and you were very rude to me." "You are wrong,... Mr. Wolf," cried... lamb, "you could not have met me six months ago: I am only four... months old." "Never mind," said... wolf, "if it wasn't you, it was your brother." And with these... words he seized... poor lamb and carried it into... wood.

Запомните, что перед превосходной степенью при­лагательных употребляется определенный артикль:

• E.g. Asia is the largest continent.

My brother is the best pupil in his class.

Упражнение 32

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. Bill Robins was... very rich man. He was... richest man in... village. 2. Pete is... tallest boy in our class. Nick is... shortest boy, but he is very... strong. He is... stronger than many boys who are... taller than he. I think Nick is... strongest boy in... class. 3. Granny often tells us... long stories. Today her story was still... longer. It was... long­est story. She began telling it after... dinner and finished only before... supper. But... story was very interesting. I think it was... most interesting of Granny's stories. 4. Which was... most difficult exercise in... paper? 5. Which is... best season of the year? 6. February is... shortest month of the year. 7. Do you know... longest river in our coun­try? 8. In... May... days are... longer than in... April.

30 ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

Артикль

Запомните правила употребления артикля с географическими названиями:

Определенный артикль употребляется перед назва­ниями рек, каналов, морей, заливов, проливов, океа­нов, архипелагов, горных цепей.

Артикль не употребляется перед названиями озер, отдельных горных вершин, отдельных островов, го­родов, стран, континентов.

Исключения:

the United States of America

the United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Northern Ireland the Netherlands the Ukraine the Crimea the Congo

Упражнение 33

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1.... Moscow is situated on... Moscow River.... Moscow is a river that moves very slowly. There is... canal called... Moscow-Volga Canal which joins... Moscow to... Volga.... Volga runs into... Cas­pian Sea. 2. Several rivers run into... sea at... New York.... most important is... Hudson River which empties into... Atlantic Ocean. Besides... Hudson there are... two other rivers:... East River and... Harlem River. 3. In... Siberia there are many long rivers:... Ob,... Irtysh,... Yenissei,... Lena and... Amur. 4.... Altai Mountains are... higher than... Urals. 5. There is... splendid... view of... Lake Ge­neva from this hotel. 6. My... friends have travelled a lot. This... year they are going to fly to... Canary Islands. 7. Which river flows through... London? —

... Thames. 8. Of which country is... Washington... capital? —... United States. 9.... United King­dom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 10. Chicago is on... Lake Michigan.

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

in the north to the north

in toe south to toe south

in toe east to toe east

in toe west to toe west

Упражнение 34

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1.... Russia occupies... eastern half of... Eu­rope and... northern third of... Asia. 2.... climate of... northern part of... Russia is severe. 3. This winter is... true Russian winter with... hard frosts. 4. It is warm in... Crimea and... Caucasus. 5.... Washington is... capital of... United States of America. 6. I want to go to... New York some day. 7.... best way to know and understand... people of... other countries is to meet them in their own homes. 8. Is... Australia... island or... continent?

9.... Red Sea is between... Africa and... Asia.

10. There are seven continents on... Earth. 11....
France is to... north of... Italy.

Упражнение 35

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1.... Neva flows into... Gulf of... Finland. 2.... Pacific Ocean is very deep. 3.... Urals are not very

ГРАММА ТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

high. 4.... Kazbek is... highest peak of... Cauca­sus. 5.... Alps are covered with... snow. 6.... Shet­land Islands are situated to... north of... Great Britain. 7.... USA is... largest country in... America. 8.... Crimea is washed by... Black Sea.

9.... Lake Baikal is... deepest lake in... world.

10.... Paris is... capital of... France.

11. Lomonosov was born in... small village on...
shore of... White Sea. 12. Gogol was born in...
Ukraine in 1809. 13.... Caucasus separates... Black
Sea from... Caspian Sea. 14.... Europe and...
America are separated by... Atlantic Ocean. 15....
Baltic Sea is stormy in winter. 16. There are many
small islands in... Pacific Ocean. 17.... North Sea
separates... British Isles from... Europe. 18.... Bal­
kans are old mountains. 19.... Nile flows across...
northeastern part of... Africa to... Mediterranean
Sea. 20. Which are... highest mountains in...
Russia?

Упражнение 36

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1.... Thames is... short river. 2.... Russia is washed by... Arctic Ocean in... north. 3. Kiev is to... south of... Moscow. 4.... Europe is... continent. 5.... Moscow is... capital of... Russia. 6. Is... Asia... island or... continent? 7.... Black Sea is in... south of our country. 8.... White Sea is in... north of our country. 9. This is... map of... world. Can you read... map? What can you see on... map? What... colour are... valleys on... map? 10. Petrov is... architect. He is... experienced architect. He is in... Far East. He has... wife. His wife is... typist. They have... son and... daughter. 11.... Philippines are situated to... southeast of... Asia.

Артикль 33

Упражнение 37

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. This is... pen. It is... good pen.... pen is black. It is on... table. 2. I have got... dog.... dog's name is Spot. He is... big grey dog.... dog is very strong. 3. My friend has... sister. Her name is Ann.... girl is... pupil. 4. We have... picture in... living room.... picture is very good. It is on... wall. 5.... Irish Sea is between... Great Britain and... Ireland. 6. There is... map on... wall of... classroom. It is... map of... world. There are many seas and lakes on... map. This is... Mediterranean Sea and that is... Red Sea. These are... Himalayas. They are... highest mountains in... world. 7. We live in... St. Petersburg.... St. Petersburg is... very large city. It is one of... largest cities in... Russia. 8. My brother is... doctor. His flat is in... centre of... city. It is in... new house. There are three rooms in... flat.... living room is.. largest of all. It is... nice light room. There are... pictures on... walls. There is... round table in... middle of... room. There is... sofa at... wall with... large thick carpet in... front of it.... study and... bedroom are small, but very comfortable.

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

to have a good time from s morning till s night all o £ day long a lot of

2 Ю. Голицынский

34 ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

Артикль

Упражнение 38

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. Did you have... good time in the country? — Oh, yes.... weather was fine. We were out of... doors from... morning till... night. We played... football,... volleyball and... other games. We came... home late at... night and went to... bed at once. 2. Look at... clock! It is... quarter past ten. Go to... bed at once. 3.... sun rises in... east and sets in... west. 4. We spent last summer in... Ukraine, in... little village on... bank of... big river with... very warm water. There was... wood on... other side of... river. We often went to... wood and gathered... lot of... mushrooms. 5. My friend likes to play... chess. He is ready to play... chess all... day long. He is... best chess player in our school.

Перед названиями университетов артикль не употребляется.

• E.g. I shall study at s St. Petersburg University.

My grandfather graduated

from s Oxford University.

Упражнение 39

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. Teckle comes from... very old country on... Nile. It is called... Ethiopia.... Ethiopia is... beau­tiful mountainous country. Teckle is... young man. He wants to become... engineer. He is very happy to be... student of... St. Petersburg University. He

spends... lot of time at... library reading and stud­ying different subjects. Very often in... evening his new friends and he walk about... city talking about their native countries. 2. Galina lives in... Ukraine. She lives in... small village near... Odessa. She is... librarian. She always has... lot of... work. Gali­na wants to enter... Moscow University and now she is preparing for... entrance exams. 3. My friend lives in... America. He is... student. He studies... history at... Harvard University. 4. Every year, thousands of... students come to... Cambridge from overseas to study... English. Use,... German student, graduated from... Cambridge University two... years ago.

Упражнение 40

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

When we want to write... letter, we take... piece of... paper and... pen. We first write our... ad­dress and... date in... right-hand corner. Then on... left-hand side we write... greeting. We may write, for instance, "My dear brother," "Dear Hen­ry," etc., and then on... next line we begin... body of... letter. We must not forget to leave... margin on... left-hand side of... page. At... end of... letter we write "Yours," and then we sign our name. We put... letter into... envelope and close... envelope. On... envelope we write... name and address of... person who will receive it. We stick... stamp in... top right-hand corner, and then we post... letter.

Запомните следующее устойчивое словосочетание:

What's the use?

ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРН ИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

Артикль 37

Упражнение 41

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

Once there lived... man who was very fond of... gold. He used to say, "While I have my gold, I am... happiest man in... world." And so all his life he saved... money. One day he was travelling in... desert of... North Africa. He lost his way. He had no... food or... water. He was almost dying of... hunger. He was so weak that he could not walk, he could only crawl.... heat was terrible. There were only... stones and... sand around. Just then he saw... bag lying on... sand. He hoped that he would find... food in it and... water, too. He crawled up to... bag and opened it. He saw that... bag was full of... gold. What is... use of... gold to... hungry man in... desert? He left... bag on... hot sand, crying bit­terly, "I am... most unhappy man in... world."

theatre, but I am very busy. I work from... morn­ing till... night. I even have no... time to play... piano. 4. Oleg has... lot of... interesting books at... home. 5.... lot of... tourists from... different countries come to... St. Petersburg. They want to see one of... most beautiful cities in... world. 6. My new friend said to me, "I am... student in... first year at Harvard." 7. We went to... cinema in... evening. 8. What... foreign languages does your father speak? — He speaks... English. He studied... English at... school. 9. I am interested in... his­tory. 10. We played... tennis at... lesson of... physical training yesterday. We had... good time. 11. Did you go for... walk yesterday? — No, we didn't.... weather was bad, and we went to... cine­ma. 12. What are your friends doing? — Mary is playing... piano. Tom and Nick are playing... chess.

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

to the cinema at the cinema

to the theatre at the theatre

to the shop at the shop

to the market at the market

to go for a walk

Упражнение 42

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. Let's go to... shop. I must buy... bread and... milk. 2. I was at... cinema yesterday. — What... film did you see? — Oh, I saw... very good film. I think it is... best film of... year. 3. Do you often go to... theatre? — No, I don't. I like to go to...

Упражнение 43

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

Three men came to... New York for... holiday. They came to... very large hotel and took... room there. Their room was on... forty-fifth floor. In... evening... friends went to... theatre and came back to... hotel very late. "I am very sorry," said... clerk of... hotel, "but... lifts do not work tonight. If you don't want to walk up to your room, we shall make... beds for you in... hall." "No, no," said one of... friends, "no, thank you. We don't want to sleep in... hall. We shall walk up to our room." Then he turned to his friends and said, "It is not easy to walk up to... forty-fifth floor, but we shall make it easier. On... way to... room I shall tell you some jokes; then you, Andy, will sing us some songs; then you, Peter, will tell us some interesting stories." So they

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began walking up to their room. Tom told them many jokes; Andy sang some songs. At last they came to... thirty-sixth floor. They were tired and decided to have... rest. "Well," said Tom, "now it is your turn, Peter. After all... jokes, I would like to hear... sad story. Tell us... long and interesting story with... sad end." "... story which I am going to tell you," said Peter, "is sad enough. We left... key to our room in... hall."

... morning Swift asked... servant why he had not cleaned... boots. "What's... use cleaning... boots now?" said... servant. "... roads are muddy, and... boots will soon be dirty again." "All right," said... writer. "Let's go. We must continue... journey." "But I haven't had... breakfast," said... displeased servant. "Well, what's... use giving you... break­fast now?" said Swift. "You will soon be hungry again."

Запомните следующие конструкции:

The famous English writer Dickens lived in the 19th century.

Dickens, a famous English writer, lived in the 19th century.

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

on S horseback on •/ board a ship

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

in • fact the same

Запомните употребление артикля в восклицатель­ных предложениях, начинающихся со слова what:

What a good boy! What a long story! What a day!

Упражнение 44

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

Swift,... famous English writer, was travelling one day on... horseback with his servant.... weather was bad, it was raining, and... roads were muddy. In... evening the two¹ men came to... inn. Before going to... bed Swift told his servant to clean his boots. But... servant was lazy and did not do it. In

¹ Обратите внимание на употребление определенного артик­ля перед количественным числительным. В этом случае опре­деленный артикль имеет значение „эти"; „эти двое мужчин"; „эти два человека".

Упражнение 45

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In... small town in... East there was once... man who had... parrot.... parrot was taught to say... words, "There is no doubt about it." It used to re­peat these words all... day long. Every time it was asked... question, it gave... same answer, "There is no doubt about it." One day... man decided to sell... bird; so he put... parrot into... cage and went to... market with it. "Twenty pounds for... very clever parrot!" he cried.... man who was passing by heard this and turned to... parrot. "Are you worth twenty pounds?" he asked. "There is no doubt about it!"

ГРАММАТИКА. СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

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answered... parrot. "What... clever parrot!" said... man and bought... bird. He took... parrot home and invited his friends to look at... clever bird.... friends came and looked at... parrot and talked to it. Now you must know that... man was not rich. In... fact, he was often short of... money. So... week or two later, sitting in... armchair and looking at... parrot, he said, "What... fool I was to throw away such... lot of... money!" "There is no doubt about it!" cried... parrot. And this time... bird was right.

Упражнение 46

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... train stopped at... little station.... passenger looked out of the window of... train carriage and saw... woman selling... cakes.... man had not had... breakfast in... morning. He was hungry and wanted to buy... cake.... woman was standing rather far from... carriage.... man did not want to go and buy... cake himself because he was afraid to miss... train. He saw... boy who was walking along... platform near... carriage. He called... boy and asked him, "How much does... cake cost?" "Three­pence, sir," answered... boy.... man gave him a six­pence and said, "Bring me... cake, and with... other threepence buy... cake for yourself."... boy took... money and went to... woman. A few minutes later... boy returned. He was eating... cake. He gave... man threepence change and said, "... woman had only one cake, sir."

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

it's •{_ high time to take • care of

to take s aim such a...

Упражнение 47

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

... crow once said to her children, "It's... high time for you to look for... food." With these words she turned them out of... nest and took them to... field. But... crow's children did not like... idea. "We'd rather go back to... nest," they cried. "It's so nice when you bring... food to us!" "Indeed!" said their mother. "You are big enough to feed your­selves. My mother turned me out of... nest when I was much younger, and I had to take... care of myself." "But... people will kill us with their guns," said... young crows. "No... fear of that," answered their mother. "Before... people shoot, they take... aim, and that takes... time. When you see... man raising... gun to his face, you must just fly away." "That's... simple thing to do," said... children, "but supposing... man or... boy wants to throw... stone at us: in such... case he won't have to take... aim." "Well, then he will have to bend down to pick up... stone," said... crow. "But what if he carries... stone in his hand ready?" "Why, if you are clever enough to think of that," said... mother, "you are clever enough to take... care of yourselves." And she flew away leaving... young crows in... field.

Упражнение 48

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... Russia is such... large country that when it is night in one part of... country, it is day in another part, when it is winter in one part of... country, it is already summer in another. Imagine it is... be­ginning of... May now. It is spring in... St. Petersburg.... weather is fine. It is still cool at...

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night, but it is quite warm in... afternoon. It some­times rains, but... rain is warm, too.... ground is covered with... soft green grass, and... trees are covered with... green leaves. But while it is spring in St. Petersburg, it is still winter in... north of our country at... beginning of... May. Here it is cold and sometimes frosty,... rivers and... seas are cov­ered with... ice.... ice does not melt in some places even in summer.... ground is covered with... deep snow. In... south of our country... weather is quite different. It is already summer in... Cauca­sus. It is much warmer than in St. Petersburg. It is sometimes even hot.... sky is usually cloudless and it seldom rains here. People wear... summer clothes.

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