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Word formation: Prefixes

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  1. Affixation as a productive way of word-formation. General characteristics of suffixes and prefixes
  2. EXERCISE 1. Read the following sentences and circle the prefixes. For each word that has a prefix, try to decide what the prefix means. Refer back to the table if you need help.
  3. Most common prefixes

When you are reading, you will come across unfamiliar words. It is often possible to guess the meanings of these words if you understand the way words in English are generally formed.

prefix→ stem ←suffix

An English word can be divided into three parts: a prefix, a stem, and a suffix. Pre - means 'before'. A prefix, therefore, is what comes before the stem. Consider, as an example, the prefix de- (meaning 'reduce' or 'reverse') in a word like demagnetize (meaning 'to deprive of magnetism'). A suffix is what is attached to the end of the stem. Consider, as an example, the suffix -er (meaning 'someone who') in programmer ('a person who programs').

Suffixes change the word from one part of speech to another. For example, -ly added to the adjective quick gives the adverb quickly. Prefixes, on the other hand, usually change the meaning of the word. For example, un- changes a word to the negative. Unmagnetizable means 'not capable of being magnetized'.

Let us now consider some prefixes, their usual meanings, and how they change the meanings of English words.

Prefixes

Negative and positive Size Location Time and order Number
un- semi- inter- pre- mono-
non- mini- super- ante- bi-
in- micro- trans- fore- hex-
dis-   ex- post- oct-
re-   extra-   multi-
    peri-    

 

Negative and positive prefixes

Negative prefixes

prefix meaning example
un-     not unmagnetized
in- incomplete
im- impossible
il- illegal
ir- irregular, irrelevant
non- not connected with non-programmable
mis-   bad, wrong misdirect
mal- malfunction
dis- opposite feeling disagree
opposite action disconnect
anti- against antiglare
de- reduce, reverse demagnetize, decode
under- too little underestimate

Positive prefixes

prefix meaning example
re- do again reorganize
over- too much overloaded

2. Prefixes of size:

prefix meaning example
semi- half, partly semisphere
equi- equal equidistant
mini- small minicomputer
micro- very small microcomputer
macro- large, great macroeconomics
mega- megabyte

3. Prefixes of location:

prefix meaning example
inter- between, among interface, interactive
super- over supersonic
trans- across transmit, transfer
ex- out exclude, extrinsic
extra- beyond extraordinary
sub- under subschema
infra- below infra-red
peri- around peripheral

4. Prefixes of time and order:

prefix meaning example
ante- before antecedent
pre- prefix
prime- first primary, primitive
post- after postdated
retro- backward retroactive

5. Prefixes of numbers:

prefix meaning example
semi- half semicircle
mono- one monochromatic
bi- two binary
tri- three triangle
quad- four quadruple
penta- five pentagon
hex- six hexadecimal
sept(em)- seven September
oct- eight octal
dec- ten decimal
multi- many multiplexor

6. Other Prefixes:

prefix meaning example
pro- before, in advance program,
forward progress
auto- self automatic
co- together, with co-ordinate
con- connect

 


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