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Affixation. It should be noted that affixation plays an important part in OE
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It should be noted that affixation plays an important part in OE. We shall look at suffixes and prefixes according to the parts of speech they derive. The table below illustrates this division.
| suffixes | Nouns: -ere (masculine): fiscere, baecere, wri:tere; -estre (feminine): baecestre, spinnestre; -inʒ (patronymics, son of, prince): cyninʒ (leader of the clan); -linʒ (diminutive): deorling, ly:tling; Abstract nouns: -nis, -nes: ʒo:dnis, tre:nes -þ, -uþ,-oþ:tre:owþ, fiscoþ -unʒ, inʒ:leornunʒ, raedinʒ -do:m: wisdom:m, fre:odom - ha:d (title, rank): cildha:d -scipe: fre:ondscipe | Adjectives: - ede: ho:cede - ihte: staenihte(stony) - iʒ: ha:l iʒ, mistiʒ - en: ʒylden - isc: (nationality) Enʒlisc, Frensisc - feald (fold): þriefeald, maniʒfeald - full: synnfull, carfull - le:as (deprived of):slaepleas - li:c: freondli:c, lufli:c - weard (direction): ha:mweard Verbs: - s +mutation: blo:d – ble:dsian (sprinkle with blood); claene –claensian - laec: (approach) ne:alaecan - ett: cohhettan, sporettan |
| Prefixes | a- (out of, from) a:ri:san, a:wacan -a ((always) a:hwar (everywhere) a- (pronouns, adverbs):aehwaeþer (either) be-:beʒan, beþencan for- (destruction,loss):fordo:n (destroy), forwearþan (perish) ʒe-: ʒefe:ra (fellow-traveller | Mis- (negeation, bad quality): misdaed Of- (reinforcing meaning): ofsle:an On- change, separation): onlu:can (unlock) To- (destruction): to:brecan, to:teran Un-negative meaning): uncuþ (unknown) Wan- (negative meaning): wanha:l (unwell) |
| Composition: compound nouns, adjectives, verbs | Joining: N+n: aeftenti:d, ʒoldsmi þ A+n: cwicseolfor N+a: wi:dcuþ A+a: bli:þ-heart Verbs: efenþrowian (sympathize) | Genitive+ 2nd component: Mo:nandaeāʒ (moon’s day) Saeteresdaeʒ (Saturn’s day) Snotinþhām (home of the Snots) Oxenaford Lynndūn (river on a fortified hill) |
| Poetic vocabulary | In epic poems such as Beowulf (many compounds): warrior = rinc, mecʒ, se cʒ, freca; compounds: beodo-rinc (battle hero) here-rinc (army hero), etc. The notion of ‘sword’= battle sword, battle friend. The notion of harp: joy wood, joy beam, etc. |
The Middle English Development of Vocabulary
Vocabulary developed in the ME period both by internal processes and by borrowing words and word-building morphemes from other languages.
In the sphere of internal development we may note such factors as deriving new words by means of affixation (e.g. brotherhood), and development of meaning in accordance with developments in social life: for example, the OE substantive cniht, which meant boy, servant, acquired in ME (spelt knight) the meaning ‘ knight’; the OE word sellan ‘give’ had its meaning narrowed to ‘sell’, that is ‘give for money’.
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