Angle, Saxon, England

Angle, Saxon, England consisted of 7 kingdoms: Essex (London), Sussex (Chichester), Wessex, East Anglia, Kent (Canterbury), Mercia, Northumbria.

Northimbria and Wessex dominated the country at different times. The Anglo-Saxons king were elected by the members of Council of Chieftains (совет вождей племен) or Witan consisting of a king and wise men. By the end of the 9^th century the Britain isles were subjected (подвержены) to one more invasion by non-Christian people from Scandinavia. They were called Norsemen or Dains or Vikings. They were brilliant sailors; they crossed the Atlantic Ocean and founded the colony in the North of America 500 years before Columbus (America was discovered in 1492). They had rapidly raided the East Coast of England and by the middle 9^th century almost all kingdoms were defied by them.

In 870 only Wessex resisted the barbaric Dain tribes. That time West Saxons got a new young king named Alfred later he was named Alfred the Great and no other king had earned this title. Alfred forced the Dains percept (приняли) Christian and left an East England while he was master of the South and West of England. The Alfred created an official army and built a fleet of worship (военно-морской флот) which was known to have defeated from the Vikings at sea more than once. They were forced to go to South and settled in Northern France, when their settlement became known as Normandy meaning the province of Northman.

Alfred gave England a new Code of Law which raised the standards of English society. New churches were built, new schools were opened. Alfred translated a number of books from Latin, including Historia Ecclesiastica and began Angle-Saxon Promical (вождём).

Alfred saved England from Danish conquest (завоевание) but in the 10-11^th centuries theDains managed to extend their position in Britain and from 1013(?)-1042 they were Danish Royal Power of England.

In 1042 Edward a Confessor was elected by Witan. He was half Norman and William the Duke (герцог) of Normandy was his cousin and a close friend. Edward the Confessor was a religion king and devoted (посвящал) his attention to the construction of churches and most of all to building of Westminster Abbey.

Edward died in 1066 without and obvious heir (наследника). And the Witan elected Harold - a Saxon Noblemen (пэр – титулованный дворянин) the king of England. His right to England throne was challenged (оспаривалось) by William the Duke as the throne was promised to him by Edward.

1066 was a bad year for the Saxon king Harold. He had to fight against two enemies at the same time: in the south William the Duke of Normandy was preparing to land (присвоить) England; in the north in Yorkshire the Dains attacked England. Harold succeeded (преуспел) in defeating the Dains and rushed their army back to the south to meet William who had landed near Hastings. William’s army was better equipped, better organized and he had cavalry (кавалерия). After a strong battle Harold and his brothers were killed in the battle of Hastings. William captured London and was crowned as a king of England in Westminster Abbey on Christmas day 1066 and the Norman heritage had begun.

The new aristocracy captured power and lands. There was a language gap between the local populations. Those were Anglo-Saxons and landowners of both church and the Norman aristocracy. Latin was a language of monasteries (монастырей?); Norman French was the language of low and authority. English spoken differently in various regions remained the language of the people. All lands in the country belong to the Crown. The king the Greatest Landowner gave away the land to his barons to increase and protect king’s revenue (доход). The Doomsday Book was designed in 1086. It was detailed inventory (детальная инвентаризация (учёт)) of English lands and people.

William the 1^st Conquer died as a result of fallen from his horse in a battle of France. And was succeeded (сменён) by his two sons. One after the other William the 6^th and Henry the 1^st (established the first zoo). Later his grandson (внук) Henry the 6^th became the first Plantagenet. Henry’s father decorated his hat with broom.

The Royal House of Normandy:

William the 1^st (1066-1087)

William the 2^nd

Henry the 1^st

Stephen

Henry the 2^nd Plantagenet (1154-1189)

Plantagenet kings (ОТКУДА ИМЯ???):

Henry the 2^nd

Richard the 1^st the Lion Heart

John Lackland (Иоанн Безземельный)

Henry the 3^rd

Edward the 1^st

Edward the 2^nd

Edward the 3^rd

Richard the 2^nd

Richard the 1^st the Lion Heart spent most of his life in Crusades (крестовых походах) in the Holy Land (a region on the eastern shore (побережье) of the Mediterranean (Средиземноморье), in what is now Israel and Palestine, revered (почитаемое) by Christians as the place in which Christ lived and taught).

After his death John Lackland the youngest son of Henry the 2^nd continued the Dynasties rule. He was the most unpopular king among the English. First of all he lost of his French positions then he rebelled against his brother Richard the Lion Heart, then he quarreled with Pope, but he did one good thing or forced to do it – in 1215 the barons made him seal the Magna Carta in letting or the Great Charter (Великая хартия)which the limited of the prerogative of the Crown and extended the power of barons. It had seen the becoming of the foundation of Englishmen liberty.

Magna Carta was to become part of the English Constitutional inheritance.

The 13^th century was described as Plantagenet spring after a Norman winter. It was the century of the new gothic style in architecture, foundation of university, the development of the Common Law (Общее Право) and the Parliament and emergence (появление) of English as the language of the nation.

The 14^th century broad the disaster of Hundred Years War (1337-1453), the Peasants' Revolt (an uprising (восстание) in 1381 among the peasant (крестьяне) and artisan (мастеровыми) classes in England, particularly in Kent and Essex) in 1381, the Black Death (оспа) in 1448-1449, but positive achievements in literature, architecture and further strengthening (укрепление) of the English lands.

The 15^th century saw the continuation of the struggle of the Crown and establishment of the Lancaster Dynasty.

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