Environmental Pollution. Contemporary Soviet economists and politicians hold that harmony between man and his environment is possible only under a planned socialist or communist

Contemporary Soviet economists and politicians hold that harmony between man and his environment is possible only under a planned socialist or communist social system:

"True harmony between man and nature is only possible under socialism and communism".

(K. Ananichev: "Environment: International Aspects"; Moscow; 1976; p. 30).

But, since the "economic reform", each enterprise is required to maximise its profits and minimise production costs -- an aim which frequently conflicts with the social need to minimise environmental pollution resulting from production, as contemporary Soviet economists admit:

"The implementation of pollution control programmes leads to worsening of the cost-accounting performance of enterprises".

(N. Fedorenko & K. Gofman: "Problems of Optimisation of the Planning and Control of the Environment", in: "Voprosy ekonomiki" (Problems of Economics), No. 10, 1972, in: "Problems of Economics". Volume 15, No. 12; April 1973; p. 46).

As a result, since the "economic reform" environmental pollution in the Soviet Union has reached dangerous levels, as in orthodox capitalist countries:

"The Zhdanvsky and Lovozersky ore-dressing combines of the USSR Ministry of Non-ferrous Metallurgy have not yet taken the necessary measures to bring a complete halt to contamination of the rivers and lakes of the Kola Peninisula... A number of enterprises belonging to the Ministry of the Chemical Industry... are polluting the air. Many cement plants are operating with a low degree of purification of exhaust gases. The construction of purification facilities at the Selenginsky and other pulp and paper enterprises is unsatisfactory. Individual enterprises of the ministries of oil refining and of the petrochemical industry, of power engineering and electrification, of the building materials industry, are also polluting the air and water. In a number of major cities the contamination of the air by automotive transport has increased...

The law calling for the re-cultivation of disturbed lands is not always observed in the prospecting and extracting of minerals and in urban, industrial and transport construction".

("Safeguard and Multiply Natural Wealth", in: "Planovoe khoziaistvo" (Planned Economy), No. 6, 1973, in: "Problems of Economics", Volume 16, No. 11; March 1974; p. 32-33).

"In the Soviet Union and other socialist countries... there are violations of technology... and as a result unpurified gases are discharged into the atmosphere, unpurified waters are discharged into rivers and water basins, there is soil erosion, etc.".

(G. Khromushin: "Problems of Ecology", in: "Voprosy ekonomiki" (Problems of Economics), No. 8, 1973, in: "Problems of Economics", Volume 16, No. 11; March 1974; p. 53-54).

"For all the variety of causes behind the deterioration of the environment in the United States and the Soviet Union, both these countries are now faced with the practical need to check this process...

The harm caused to bodies of water by effluents from pulp-and-paper, chemical fibre, and other factories is well-known. Every day they discard thousands of tons of polluted water into rivers, lakes and seas. The damage caused by these effluents is incalculable".

(K. Ananichev: ibid.; p. 118, 123)

Soviet politicians certainly support, in words, moves to reduce environment pollution:

"As we take steps to speed up scientific and technical progress, we must see to it that it should combine with the rational treatment of natural resources and should not cause dangerous air and water pollution or exhaust the soil".

(L. Brezhnev: Report to the 24th. Congress CPSU, in: K. Ananichev: ibid.; p. 24).

The practice is, however, somewhat different.

For example, Soviet environmentalists generally agree that one of the two chief causes of atmospheric pollution is motor transport:

"The development of motor transport has come up against a number of 'dead-ends'. One of them is the air pollution with the noxious gases of internal combustion....

The chief sources of air pollution today are the power industry and motor transport".

(K. Ananichev: ibid.; p. 97, 120).

and that the difficulty in producing a non-noxious motor vehicle is economic, and not technical:

"Of course, it is possible in principle to develop a motor vehicle which does not emit poisonous or harmful exhaust fumes. This, however, would be.... very costly".

(K. Ananichev: ibid.; p. 97).

They propose, therefore, that the number of private cars in use should be drastically reduced:

"In all probability, the number of motor vehicles will be reduced by withdrawing from use a tremendous number of private cars".

(K. Ananichev: ibid.; p. 97-8).

But the car industry is such an important sector of the Soviet capitalist economy that exactly the opposite policy has, in fact, been pursued:

"In accordance with the directives of the 24th. CPSU Congress for the five-year plan for 1971-1975, there is to be a fourfold increase in car production. This tremendous increase in the number of motor vehicles... poses the threat of large-scale air pollution".

(K. Ananichev: ibid.; p. 121).

Some contemporary Soviet economists propose a "business-like" approach to the problem of environmental pollution: the state should make an

"....assessment of the loss resulting from the... higher morbidity among the population".

(N. Fedorenko & K. Gofman: ibid.; p. 45).

resulting from it, and, on this basis, impose on enterprises responsible proportionate

"... payments for environmental pollution".

(N. Fedorenko & K. Gofman: ibid.; p. 46).

24: "Moral Stimuli"

In addition to economic stimuli, the Soviet capitalist class makes use also of "moral stimuli" to spur on the workers to increase productivity, production and the rate of profit:

"Moral stimuli to labour are distinguished in that they are not directly linked with material incentives...

The Communist Party and the Soviet state have attached, and will attach, ever greater significance to the development of moral stimuli".

(P.G. Bunich: "Methods of Planning and Stimulation", in: "Soviet Economic Reform: Progress and Problems"; Moscow; 1972; p. 40, 41).

"A rational system of incentives can be developed only by combining material and moral stimuli...Under socialism, ideological and educational work becomes a major factor of economic development".

(V.K. Fedinin: "The Economic Reform and the Development of Socialist Emulation", in: ibid.; p. 241).

Contemporary Soviet sociologists hold that, in orthodox capitalist countries, such "moral stimuli" are based on fostering among the working people

"....the illusion created with the help of various psychological devices to the effect that there exists a 'social partnership' between workers and capitalists".

(N. Bogomolova: "'Human Relations' Doctrine: Ideological Weapon of the Monopolies"; Moscow; 1973; p. 96).

-- the illusion, that is, that there exists no class difference, no economic conflict of interest, between workers and capitalists:

"Bourgeois sociologists... are unwilling to admit the class divisions in... society. They divide all people connected with production into groups according to the functions they perfomr, for example, those dealing with finance, administration, etc., regardless of their class background,... that... every person in the company from top to bottom was an employee....

The brains behind the 'human relations' approach attempt to equate managers with ordinary employees on the purely formal basis that they, like the others, are employed and paid a wage...

The concept of 'common interests' shared by employers and workers is regarded as a factor of key importance in the theory of 'human relations'".

(N. Bogomolova: ibid.; p. 53-4, 55, 66).

In the contemporary Soviet Union, however, an identical illusion is fostered -- here greatly facilitated by the all-pervading propaganda to the effect that the country's real social system remains "socialist":

"The public ownership... of the means of production established in socialist conditions has transformed production relations into relations of comradeship, friendship and unity of a collective people who benefit equally from the results of collective work....

The work of economic management is productive work, though this does not in any way mean that it is identical to work done in the immediate sphere of production. They are different spheres in which human labour is put to use...

Under socialism management relations are relations among a community of people who are equally interested in developing production".

(S. Kamenitser: "The Experience of Industrial Management in the Soviet Union"; Moscow; 1975; p. 20, 21).

The leading Soviet politicians are skilled in the demagogic art of building a capitalist society beneath red flags and under slogans of "following the Leninist path to communism":

"Guided by the Marxist-Leninist teaching,.... our Communist Party is confidently laying the road to communism".

(A.N. Kosygin: "Guidelines for the Development of the National Economy of the USSR for 1976-80", 25th. Congress CPSU; Moscow; 1976; p. 80).

The workers are encouraged to see themselves as "masters of production":

"Everything possible must be done to give all personnel the feeling that they are masters with respect to production".

(A.N. Kosygin: "On Improving Industrial Management, Perfecting Planning and Enhancing Economic Incentives in Industrial Production", in "Izvestia" (News), September 28th., 1965, in: M.E. Sharpe (Ed.), "Planning, Profit and Incentives in the USSR", Volume 2; New York; 1966; p. 42).

so that they should be interested in increasing productivity of labour and so the rate of profit:

"It is characteristic of socialism that the workers are interested in the labour process, in their machinces, in the factory".

(V.K. Fedinin: ibid.; p. 230).

On this ideological basis, workers are then encouraged to engage in competition -- called facetiously "socialist emulation" -- with respect to productivity of labour. Such competition maybe between individual workers, work teams or departments within the same enterprise, or it may be between different enterprises:

"Socialist emulation is a powerful instrument for stimulating the labour initiative of the masses, for enlisting them in productive activity....

An individual or a collective (i.e., the personnel of an enterprise - WBB) engages in emulation with other individuals or collectives...

The essence of stimulation is displayed in.... the feeling of contest...

The spirit of contest, the desire to vie in skill, dexterity and resourcefulness, can best of all be fostered at an enterprise, within a collective.

The economic reform and the introduction of the sectoral principle of managing industry have created favourable conditions for concrete emulation between enterprises in the same sector".

(V.K. Fedinin: ibid.; p. 229, 241, 242, 244).

Workers, work teams, departments or enterprises which excel in "socialist emulation" receive decorations:

"The best workers.. are awarded Orders, medals and other marks of distinction. The most outstanding are awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labour. The foremost enterprises are presented with Red Banners"

(S. Kamenitser: ibid.; p. 15).

An essential aim of "socialist emulation" is stated by Prime Minister Aleksei Kosygin to be the raising of the rate of profit:

"Socialist emulation should be oriented toward.. the raising of the profitability of production".

(A.N. Kosygin: ibid.; p. 43).

An important feature of the "moral stimuli" designed to encourage workers to maximise the rate of profit is what is called in the contemporary Soviet Union, as in orthodox capitalist countries,

"....worker participation in management".

(Resolution of the All-Union Central Council of Soviet Trade Unions and the State Commiteee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Labour and Wages; "On Procedures for Concluding Collective Agreements", August 20th., 1971, in: S. Kamenitser: ibid.; p. 81).

That such "worker participation in management" is far removed from workers' control of industry is demonstrated by the Statute on the Socialist State Production Enterprise, which declares explicitly:

"The enterprise is managed on the basis of one-man responsibility".

(Statute on the Socialist State production Enterprise, in: M.E. Sharpe (Ed.): op. cit., Volume 2; p. 289).

Indeed, the term "worker participation in management" is used by contemporary Soviet economists so vaguely that "socialist emulation" -- already discussed -- is described as "one of its main forms":

"Socialist emulation is one of the main forms of mass participation in the management of production... Socialist emulation is one of the most widespread forms of worker participation in management".

(S. Kamenitser: ibid.; p. 83, 123).

Even in its narrower sense, "worker participation in management" in the Soviet Union means no more than that workers (or their representatives) participate in regular discussions with representatives of management in order that their approval may be won for the draft plans for the enterprise drawn up by the management and that the management may hear their constructive suggestions for increasing the productivity of labour and so the rate of profit:

"At every enterprise there are regular meetings of the standing production conferences which consider draft plans and their implementation. Techno-economic councils of enterprises, consisting of engineers and workers responsible for innovating new techniques, help the management to select the correct trends for developing technology and the economy...

In carrying out his duties, every director relies on the help of workers and mass organisations in his enterprise, bringing them into discussion on draft plans and other important questions affecting production...

The local trade union works committee gives factory and office workers the opportunity to take part in management through general meetings, production conferences and other gatherings....

Social organisations and the entire work force at the enterprise participate widely in discussing and implementing measures.. to develop and improve economic-production operations at the enterprise.....

The industrial labour force takes part in management through improving production, making rationalisation proposals, searching out latent production facilities, etc.,...

Standing production conferences discuss urgent matters affecting production and make recommendations to the managers".

(S. Kamenitser: ibid., p. 14, 39, 80, 123, 125).

In other words, in the contemporary Soviet Union "worker participation in management" forms part of the ideological structure designed to delude the workers into believing that they are the "masters of production". It is purely consultative: decision-making is the prerogative of management:

"Every system of management... includes three elements: a study of the prevailing conditions, decision-making, and managerial guidance in carrying out these decisions....

To manage means to take decisions...

Different levels of management make different kinds of decisions...

Decision-making is a very important part of management".

(S. Kamenitser: ibid.; p. 91, 92, 95, 102).

The characterisation which contemporary Soviet sociologists make of "workers' participation in management" in orthodox capitalist countires, which they describe as

"...'workers' participation' planned to exemplify 'industrial democracy' or 'democratic management' and representing one form of 'class collaboration'",

(N. Bogomolova: ibid.;' p. 92).

as

"...pseudo-democratic",

(N. Bogomolova: ibid.; p. 93)

is clearly equally applicable to that operated under capitalism in the Soviet Union:

"All that is important for him (the employer -- WBB) is to create the impression among the rank-and-file workers that their opinions carry weight, their interests are taken into account, that they are equal partners in the firm, and thereby to stimulate their interest in their work and their sense of responsibility in relation to the affairs of the firm and at the same time to make it appear that the interests of the workers and those of the company are compatibile...

The danger for the workers lying in these pseudo-democratic contrivings resorted to by the corporation is that they give some workers the illusion... that they are their employers' 'partners'...

Despite the great variety of definitions of 'workers' participation' that exist, they all have one thing in common: proposals put forward by the workers are regarded as suggestions which by no means have to be implemented. Final decisions on all matters still rest with the management. Peter Drucker, a well-known supporter of 'workers' participation', writes that 'the self-government of the plant community can only be justified if it strengthens management...' "

(P. Drucker: "The New Society: The Anatomy of Industrial Order"; New York; 1962; p. 283).

"Capitalist concerns only create the appearance of democratic management. Genuine participation in management is impossible given the exploitation inherent in the capitalist mode of production".

(N. Bogomolova; ibid.; p. 92, 93, 94).

Another important feature of the "moral stimuli" designed to encourage workers to maximise the rate of profit is the inculcation in the workers -- in a capitalist economy! -- of a "communist attitude to labour":

"The Party will continue to pursue unswervingly its policy of enhancing the communist consciousness of the working people and of fostering a communist attitude towards labour"

(Resolution of CC, CPSU: "On Improving the Management of Industry, Perfecting Planning and Strengthening the Economic Stimulation of Industrial Production", in: M.E. Sharpe (Ed.): op. cit., Volume 2; p. 282-3).

"Educative methods... consist in fostering a communist world outlook among the people...

'Communist labour...', Lenin wrote, 'is labour performed gratis for the benefit of society..; it is labour performed without expectation of reward'".

(P.G. Bunich: ibid.; p. 40-1).

"In present-day conditions greater attention is being paid to moral stimuli, to...the fostering of an attitude to work as a patriotic duty...

The Soviet citizen treasures the ideals of communism... These moral traits play an important part in labour activity...

To foster in every worker a highly conscious attitude to labour means to develop readiness and a desire to work not only because someone is driving him on, and not only because his earnings depend on it, but by virtue of high consciousness and moral duty to the collective, to all of society....

Communist labour is labour of the highest productivity,... constructive and conscious labour for the common good without expectation of reward".

(V.K. Fedinin: ibid.; p. 241, 245, 247).

Such "moral stimuli" have as one of their objectives the strengthening of labour discipline in the enterprise:

"It is impossible to imagine a factory operating efficiently without strict labour and production discipline".

(A.N. Kosygin: ibid.; p. 42).

"Party, trade union and Komsomol (Young Communist League -- WBB) organisations are obligated... to struggle persistently for... stronger labour and production discipline".

(Resolution of CC, CPSU: "On Improving the Management of Industrty, Perfecting Planning and Strengthening the Economic Stimulation of Industrial Production", in: M.E. Sharpe (Ed.): op. cit., Volume 2; p. 282).

"In present-day conditions greater attention is paid... to the strengthening of labour discipline.....

Socialist emulation is inconceivable without firm labour discipline.... Every violation of discipline... and absenteeism spell losses for the collective".

(V.K. Fedinin: ibid.; p. 241, 246).

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