Упражнение 54

1. Nechaev was more than an advocate of terror, he was synonymous with conspiratorial politics, entailing secret plans for the overthrow and mer­ciless extermination of hated authorities and governments. In the terminology of the time, such tactics were called Blanquist, after Louis Auguste Blanqui, a radical activist in France during the 1830s and 1840s.

2. The voluntary public order squads known as the "druzhini" made their appearance in the 60s to assist the regular police in the work of crime prevention, as well as the more commonplace function of street patrolling.

3. It is sacrilege even to suppose that Slavophilism, a philosophy of love for Slavs and their culture, can be a political base for anti-Semitism.

4. Slavophiles idealized life in Russia before Tsar Peter the Great, but not the "oprichnina", special administrative elite under Tsar Ivan the Terrible.

5. "A poet in Russia is more than just a poet", Yevtushenko, a liberal So­viet poet, once remarked, hoping to extol the poet's role here.

6. In its essence this literature passionately strove towards goals that were outside of literature. Its most infamous task was the construction of a "New Man".

7. This is a sign of moral degradation reviving the spirit of "special conferences", sham trials during the Stalin years.

8. The elite echelon of Official Writers referred to as literary "nomenclature", often speculated on forbidden or semiforbidden themes.

Упражнение 55

1. He attends a technical secondary school specializing in electronic maintenance work.

2. Having shed all censorship restrictions under the aegis of Western publishers the significant majority of dissident writers suffocated from too much oxygen.

3. Part of our intellectuals realized back in the years of the Proletarian Culture Drive that by flocking together and using their private connections it was possible to manipulate the Party's position.

4. Ideological pressure continued at university and vocational school, in the army and at work.

5. Some try to drive a wedge between the authorities and the people.

6. Moreover, for the lazy and the weak-willed freedom is a way to social degradation and crime.

7. What is the cause of the present divisions among our intellectuals, es­pecially writers?

8. True, not all artistic intellectuals or scientists participate in this fighting. Упражнение 56

1. At first the local government officials gave the green light to co­operatives that sought to make profit by dishonest means. Such co-operatives had more money and were more compliant.

2. As soon as things became a little more difficult for the black market dealers, corrupt officials and the shadow economics and politics, there ap­peared all sorts of social provocations.

3. The wave of reaction that is now trying to clear the way for a right-ward shift will ebb away in the end. It will end up in farce.

4. Official Literature maintained the Stalinist tradition and operated according to the principles of "Party Spirit" established in the 1930s and the 1940s.

5. Certain local leaders objected to the idea of having uncontrolled pri­vate cinema. They introduced compulsory permits and demanded that all tapes be vetted.

6. A normal democratic process means competitive spirit, including the intellectual sphere, but it does not need a vanity fair or a literary version of Vishinsky, the main public prosecutor during the Stalin purges of the 1930s.

7. The quasi-intellectual birds-of-a-feather spirit does exist.

Упражнение 57

1. Moreover, this new literature also draws strength from its ability to adapt to the conditions of free self-expression and rejects opportunistic po­litical journalism.

2. It is only to be regretted that a very serious idea of Russian revival is sometimes used by the hysterical and reckless, who scare away those people who seek the flowering of Russia.

3. The kids of those days had their own "privilege" — they could hang on outside.

4. Any peasant knows that in a vast country like ours, with its bad roads, grain and potatoes should be stored by those who produce them.

5. Naturally, video cannot completely even out the differences between the centre and the periphery, but it can help.

6. Usually, if television is going to screen a theatre production, they don't do it until public interest has cooled off, on the principle that it would stop people going to see it live.

7. Socialist Realism taught the reader to view reality in the process of revolutionary transformation. It preferred the future to the present, oriented 182

itself towards overcoming the hardships of everyday life and was full of grand promises.

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