SIBERIA IN THE WORLD ECONOMY

Presentation: Asian Russia is divided into the following geo-economic regions: Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The Siberia, the land beyond the Urals, extends to the Pacific Ocean in the east, from the Arctic Ocean in the north to China and Mongolia in the south. The rivers Yenisei and Lena are taken as the demarcation lines. The Yenisei River is the geographical center of Asia, dividing the Western and Eastern Siberian economic regions. The river Lena is one of the world’s longest rivers. Nearly a quarter of global fresh water is concentrated in Lake Baikal.

This huge area has immense mineral and other natural resources. Siberia has large portion of the world’s timber, coal, gas, peat, iron, and manganese ores. About 82% of Russia’s aluminum and 61% of its refined copper is produced here.

The main cities are Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Chita.

Ex. 1. Прочтите Fact File: Siberia и последующий презентацию, дайте значения приведенных ниже слов, опираясь на их контекстуальное значение.

immense, fresh water, timber, main, demarcation line, divided, extend, peat, resource, large portion, beyond, huge area, longitudinal, a quarter, link, regular motor roads, latitudinal, refined copper, manganese ores, entity, intercontinental airliner.

Ex. 2. Прочтите и запомните следующие слова и выражения

aspire

backbone line

brisk – оживленный

consistent

estimate – оценивать

expanse – размах, величина, широта

freight

give access – обеспечить доступ

link

many-sided – многосторонний

passage

pave way – проложить дорогу

recovery – восстановление, выздоровление

total value

wealth – богатство, благосостояние

Ex. 3. Прочтите словосочетания и переведите их.

Brisk: brisk trade routes, brisk tone, brisk walk, brisk talks,

Total: total value of Russian natural resources

Consistent:

Remarkable: remarkable growth,remarkable progress,remarkably stable

many-sided:

Aspire: aspire independence

Safeguard:

Estimate:

Expanse: Siberianexpanse

Contribution:

Issue: environmental issues, political and economical issues,

Recovery: recovery from illness,

Ex. 4. Прочтите предложения с новыми словами и переведите их.

1. For centuries Siberian continent separated with its expanse Europe and East and made partners to pave roundabout ways from one another.

2. Siberia has long been mighty heart of Russia, supplying Moscow with raw materials and hardware.

3. Markets reforms in the Russian Federation, made it possible for Siberians to reap the harvest of their Siberian wealth.

4. The total value of Russian natural resources is estimated at $30 trillion and half of it is Siberian.

5. No single European explorer after Marco Polo (13th century) and the Portuguese Geos (early 17th century) managed to slip into mysterious "Country of the Six Cities" – Kashgaria.

Ex. 5. Заполните таблицу на словообразование (учитывая словообразовательные модели).

Ex. 6. Прочтите и переведите текст.

Siberian Accord: Catalyst for Recovery

With the area and population of Canada, Siberia has long been mighty heart of Russia, supplying Moscow with raw materials and hardware. While it became infamous for as the frozen repository for the Kremlin’s enemies, Siberia silently served up the riches that built the Soviet Union.

Markets reforms in the Russian Federation are certainly loosing the state’s hold over Siberian wealth, making it possible for Siberians to reap the harvest of their own labour. Foreign commerce and investment are also free again to course the once brisk trade routes of the procommunist past. In addition yesterday’s “secret cities” are also widening their foreign economic relations.

Siberia has large portion of the world’s timber, coal, gas, peat, iron, and manganese ores. About 82% of Russia’s aluminum and 61% of its refined copper is produced here. The total value of Russian natural resources is estimated at $30 trillion and half of it is Siberian. Yet, even today, most of this wealth still flows to Moscow.

To prod Russian reforms in direction consistent with Siberian interests, the region’s 19 political units, among them Omsk region and Krasnoyarsk Territory, have formed the Inter-regional Association of the Siberian Accord. Charged with coordinating regional economic policies and reforms, the IASA is also a forum for policy dialogue with Moscow on many regional concerns, including budget, tax, foreign investment, agriculture, health care and environmental issues.

They are now negotiating with the government to re-evaluate Siberia’s contribution to the Russian economy. The federal government is becoming more sensitive to the needs and problems of Siberia. As a result, many adjustments in federal economy policy have been made to safeguard Siberia’s interests.

Despite the Siberian Accord’s increasing influence over Moscow, Siberia remains remarkably stable. After the recent flurry of breakaways and secessions, one might expect wealthy Siberia to aspire independence.

(World Tribune, Ltd)

Ex. 7. Прочтите и переведите текст.

SIBERIA

Siberia is rather more an image than a geographical concept. Everything to the east of the Ural Mountains, the whole northern part of the Asian continent, is considered by most people – especially by foreigners – to be Siberia. For those who have never been there, all this huge space – the cities, forests, seas, rivers, lakes and bogs (= болото) – merge (= слиться) into one stereotype: snow, frost, huge distances, wildness.

Actually Siberia is various and many-sided: Western and Eastern Siberia, Altai, Tuva and Khakassia, the Sayans and Transbaikalia, Yakutia – seven thousand kilometers from west to east and 3,500 km from north to south, or almost 20 Frances by its area (the size of Europe and larger than the USA).

The first Europeans to reach Siberia were Russian coast dwellers from the White Sea. Obnorsk, Tyumen and Tobolsk, the first expeditions by the Cossack ataman Yermak in the second half of the 16^th century. True were the words by the great Russian scientist Michael Lomonosov: “Russian power with Siberia will increase” – gas and petroleum, gold and diamonds, wood, furs, wild life, fish, the cleanest fresh water, – in general everything is immense in Siberia.

The large cities – Omsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk – are in the southern part of Siberia. The biggest of them, Novosibirsk is situated on the river Ob. It is not only the important railway junction and river port but also the seat of Siberia branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It has the Opera House bigger than Moscow’s Bolshoi. From Novosibirsk by Trans Siberian express, one can get to Krasnoyarsk, capital of the immense Krasnoyarsky territory. The city stands on the Yenisei, the geographical center of Asia, which divides the Western and Eastern Siberian economic regions. The main attraction of the Krasnoyarsk Region is a unique reserve in the spurs of the Eastern Sayan Mountains – and rock-climbers are fond of these places not mention of fascinating boat routers.

Between Yenisei and the Sayan highlands the fantastic nature attracts tourists. It includes Lake Baikal, a gem of Eastern Siberia, a real magnet for tourists. Nearly a quarter of global fresh water is concentrated in it, and the water is most transparent and clean.

Ex. 8. Прочтите и переведите текст..

WESTERN AND EASTERN SIBERIA

Asian Russia is divided into the following geo-economic regions: Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The rivers Yenisei and Lena are taken as the demarcation lines. This huge area has immense mineral and other natural resources.

The Siberia, the land beyond the Urals, is almost the size of Europe and larger than the USA. It extends from the Urals in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east, from the Arctic Ocean to China and Mongolia.

The economic region of Western Siberia lies between the Urals and the Yenisei River. Its biggest city, Novisibirsk (over a million inhabitants) is situated on the right bank of the River Ob. It is an important railway junction and river port.

Other major cities include Tobolsk and Omsk on the River Irtysh, Tomsk on the River Tom. Tomsk became the first university city of the Siberia in 1888. Krasnoyarsk rises not far from the wooded Sayan Mountains of the Tuva Autonomous Republic, home of the Turkic-speaking native Tuvinians. Kyzyl, Tuva’s main city, situated at the confluence of the rivers Bolshoi Yenisei and Maly Yenisei, is the geographical centre of Asia.

Between the Yenisei and Lena and north of the Sayan highlands, the mineral-rich economic region of Eastren Siberia is situated. It includes Lake Baikal and the autonomous republics of Buryatia and Sakha (formerly Yakutia).

Buryatia lies around the eastern and northern shores of Lake Baikal and borders on Mongolia. Its capital and the main industrial city, Ulan-Ude, originated in 1666 as a Cossack wintering fortress at the confluence of the rivers Uda and Selenga.

To the north of Buryatia on the other side of Lake Baikal stands the city of Irkutsk on the River Angara. Founded in 1652, it is one of the most important administrative centres of Eastern Siberia.

To the north-east of Irkutsk, is the Sakha Autonomous Republic, a region of vast natural resources. The main wealth of the republic is the extraction of diamonds. Extracting the diamonds is not easy as Sakha is one of the coldest inhabited regions of the world. Winter temperature often drops to 45 degrees below zero centigrade.

The traditional occupations of Yakut people are hunting, fishing and raising cattle. As craftsmen they are known for their bone carvings: delicately fashioned boxes, pipes, chessmen, etc. The main city of the region, Yakutsk, stands on the left bank of the river Lena, one of the world’s longest rivers. One of the town’s big attractions is the Museum of permafrost.

Ex. 9. Прочтите и отметьте слова, связанные с транспортом и путешествием.

For centuries Siberian continent separated with its expanse Europe and East and made partners to pave roundabout ways from one another. Asian Russia is divided into the following geo-economic regions: Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The rivers Yenisei and Lena are taken as the demarcation lines. This huge area has immense mineral and other natural resources.

So Siberian territory turns out the key to the development of economic communications with countries of Asian-Pacific region – not only for Russia, but for the whole Europe.

Trans-Sib, the backbone line in Eastern and, in particular, in Western Siberia, has, for today, no reserves either of passing, or of transport capability – even in view of last years reduction of freight turnover between western and eastern Russia’s region. Of three main railroads, which run from Siberia westward, the single one – Trans-Sib – remains within Russian boundaries. The other two (SredSib and YujSib) after the USSR disintegration came to be out of Russia, in the territory of the sovereign Kazakhstan. Moreover, the short length of the main travel of Trans-Sib trespasses Kazakhstan territory along the Omsk-Ekaterinburg run (in the neighborhood of Petropavlovsk).

Among the most significant longitudinal lines there is Tyumen-Tobolsk-Surgut-Urengoi run, leading to the oil and gas bearing regions. Tomsk-Asino-Belyi Jar, Achinsk-Lesosibirsk, Jelesnogorsk-Ust Ilimsk runs give access to the main timber reserves areas. Tundra Chulman will go north to Yakutsk. The south bound longitudinal lines links TransSib with SredSib and YujSib.

Regular motor roads are represented first of all with latitudinal way Tyumen- Omsk-Novosibirsk-Krasnoyarsk-Irkutsk-UlanUde-Chita – and down to Vladivostok. It runs for the most part along Trans-Sib. The south bound longitudinal runs duplicate mainly the railway net. There Chyujskii way – the backbone motor road in Mountain – Altai runs from Bijsk down to Mongolia. The northern bound ways are of lower class.

Trans-Siberian air lines will make it possible to cut the flight time between North America and countries of Asian-Pacific region by 2- 6 hours. The Los Angeles-Bangkok route length may be reduced by 875 miles, Chicago-Hong Kong – by 2,300, New York-Seoul – by 2,600 miles. Trans-Siberian lines between Asian-Pacific region and Europe will bring the similar results. Fuel is saved, engines service life is prolonged: the reduction of flight time of intercontinental airliner by 15 minutes save some $10 thousand. There are several air passages laid over Siberia – Southern (along Trans-Sib), Polar (along the Arctic coastline), Meridianal (along Yenisei) and Northern.

Ex. 10. Прочтите тексты и подготовьте их краткий пересказ на английском языке, используя данные ниже слова.

1. В III тысячелетии до н.э. на берегах Енисея поселились скотоводы, принадлежавшие к европеоидной расе. Эти племена переселились в Южную Сибирь из далеких мест («афанасьевская культура»). Вероятно, они слились с соседними народностями азиатской расы. Культура исчезла, и их потомки уже были смуглыми, кареглазыми и черноволосыми.

С 15 по 11 век до н.э. в южных степях Сибири жил еще один многочисленный индоевропейский народ. Современные археологи называют его «андроновским» (название деревни в Западной Сибири, где были найдены свидетельства их культуры). Народ выращивал злаки, пас стада овец и коз, отливал из бронзы топоры, ножи и наконечники копий. Женщины ткали шерстяные изделия, выделывали мех и кожу, изготовляли посуду. Народ был могуч и богат, и заселил тысячи километров от Урала до Алтая, от озера Балхаш до реки Обь.

2. В V-VIII веках н.э. за полярным кругом Западной Сибири жили ненцы-охотники и оленеводы. В Западносибирской тайге расселились ханты, манси селькупы – финно-угорские племена. Под мощным наступлением кочевников с юга многие народы ушли и осели в таежной уральской зоне, а ханты пошли на север по Оби. Северные ханты занимались оленеводством, и их стада насчитывали до 1500 голов. Манси были охотниками и рыбаками, некоторые племена разводили скот и птицу. Они умели ткать из крапивного и конопляного волокна.

Эти народы до сих пор живут в Сибири, и имеют свое государственное образование – Ханты-Мансийский национальный округ. В Сургуте, самом крупном городе округа, открылся самый молодой университет в Сибири.

3. Тобольский дьяк Савва Есипов написал первую сибирскую летопись в

1636 году. Позднее Семен Ремизов продолжил собирать сведения о походе Ермака в Сибирь. Сибирские летописцы и поведали о его гибели на реке Вагай. Тело было найдено через 8 дней под Епанчинскими юртами на Иртыше. Похоронили Ермака на Башиевском кладбище «под кудрявую сосну».

Но предприимчивые новгородцы знали о сибирских землях с11 века, а в 12 веке собирали здесь дань. В 1486 году Иван III направил на «Обь великую» большой военный отряд и с 1486 года именовал себя «князем югорским». Свою власть он хотел укрепить, заселяя эти земли русскими людьми. В 1555 году хан татарский хан Едигер попросил покровительства Ивана IV, что позволило царю называть себя «повелителем всея Сибири». Иван IV хотел действовать решительно, но был скован Ливонской войной. Помощь оказали уральские солепромышленники Строгановы. Они были заинтересованы в безопасности своих владений и границ России. Они и подготовили дружину Ермака для похода в Сибирь. Осенью отряд перешел «каменный пояс». На реке Тура казаки захватили городки Епанчин и Чинге-Туре. На месте последнего заложили первый русский город Сибири – Тюмень. А через год был заложен Тобольск.

(И.Н.Суслов. Сибирь – наша родина)

Ex. 10. Составьте на основе данного текста диалог между иностранным туристом и представителем турагентства.

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